Chapter 1 Introducing Tourism The complexity of tourism interacting factors o home environment o destination What is meant by tourism Since the 50 s number of tourists travelling internationally have increased Domestic tourism has increased as well Asia and Latin American markets have experienced significant growth Going away on holiday commonly referred to as tourism the idea of travel for pleasure as opposed to travel for necessity a recent phenomenon Until the 19th century travel was not common railways changed made travel easier and economical Today more than 800 million tourist travel internationally every year The shareholders in tourism include o governments o o o o non governmental organizations NGO s and tourists tourism industry local governments regulations local communities To define tourism is difficult and complicated It is difficult to arrive at an agreeable definition It includes many diverse parts o human feelings o emotions o natural and cultural attractions o o accommodation and many other services suppliers of transport Most agree that tourism involves travel The World Tourism Organization has endorsed the following definition o Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside the usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure business or other purposes Recreational tourism is the most usual form of tourism ther types of tourism also exist o Business o o o health study education religion Impacts of tourism o Economic o o environmental social necessarily welcomed Tourism and the creation of wealth international attention success in spain in the 50 s o o o possibilities for developing countries Tourism is some cases is tolerated or forced upon the host communities and not The World Travel and Tourism Council WTTC in 07 established that tourism s What is the tourist industry contribution to the global economy was o 10 3 of GDP o 234 4 million jobs o 8 7 of total employment Extremely difficult to define Does not have the usual production function Its output can not be physically measured It is difficult to evaluate its impact upon the economy Some practices are similar to industrial production mass tourism standard package o o usually includes transportation and accommodations o o o o relies on mass consumption package holiday which relies on mass consumption keep prices low Fordist production Tourism as a system Tourism incorporates businesses societies and environments No manager or owner has complete control individual decisions and actions have consequences throughout the the system the analogy of a spider s web Important inputs o environments o government policies o subsystems tourism retailing destination transportation hotels airlines Outputs of the system Environmental and cultural changes conserve and pollute the environment o o may bring positive and negative cultural changes o o o price inflation can create economic opportunities can also bring economic overdependence Growth in Demand Pre industrial tourism o roman resort transportation one currency middle age o Middle age travel more difficult religious pilgrimage trade 17th century o grand tour Paris Florence Venice aristocracy european culture visit to major cultural centers lasted 3 years ended 1st part of 19th century private tutors Adam Smith enterprise Health Tourism o 18th century o southern france wrote The Wealth of Nations foundation of capitalism free o escaping the winter spa towns in europe o Creating the conditions for the growth of contemporary tourism The influence of industrialization and urbanization Industrialization revolution last quarter of 18th century in england o o economic and social change o people move from rural to urban o work and leisure highly differentiated o bank holiday act in 1871 and 1875 gave workers 4 day holiday Transportation 20th century Another major change was steam engine Railways and steamships travel became easier o o o o needed to carry more people o growth tourism cont o motor car o air travel o access to foreign countries became easier 21st century o information technology made it easier to obtain info on price location and availability visual tour booking of flight tour of operators emerged o o price of travel reduced Mass participation in international tourism o most evident in europe o o geographical proximity increased prosperity o no longer for a small elite Second wave of mass tourism from UK to spain increased level of disposable income from the 1950 s surplus WWII aircraft provided cheap transportation o o o o Number of international travel 1950 s 25 million 1980 s 270 million 2000 s 687 million 2020 s predicted 1 6 billion the countries are closer meaning easier and faster to travel to them o Top Spenders germany 72 7 billion u s 69 2 billion u k 59 6 billion japan 37 5 billion france 31 2 billion o World most numerically significant flow of tourism North Europe to mediterranean 120 million US to Europe 23 million Europe to U S 15 million North East Asia to Southeast Asia 10 million North East Asia to U S 8 million U S to Caribbean 8 million o Critical Factors that determine flow attractiveness of climate business travel visiting friends family experience of new culture special ecosystem rainforest ecosystem Summary o Demand for tourism does not occur by chance o o o o outputs of the system include economic opportunities industrial revolution major impact tourism is highly complicated tourism is a system Chapter 2 Perceptions of environments for tourism and ethical issues Box 1 2 2 2 2 8 3 3 3 4 REVIEW What is meant by environment frequently used to refer to what surrounds us home environment and destination environments Understood as something that can be real o mountains rainforests coral reefs rivers Different cultures have different variations on how they view the environment In the west The dominion of man over nature and the environment of be used for his benefit Dominion over the earth is paramount The natural world exists for the benefit of human being Indigenous People incorporate land and animals as part of the same environment non human world is not viewed as something external but integral part of the people currently indigenous belief beginning to influence western thought o how we interact with nature o o sustainable development conservation of natural resources Changing perceptions of landscape The emergence of seaside culture 18th and 19th century reasons of health