5/15/12Chapter 1: Introducing Tourism- Introductiono The complexity of tourismo Interacting factors Home environment- Daily environment, where you live Destination environment- Where you’re travelling tooo Since the 1950s number of tourists travelling internationally have increased.  Franco, a dictator in Spain, created the model of contemporary tourism.  Since Spain did so well using this model, other countries began to use this model too. o Domestic tourism has increased as well. o Asia and Latin American markets have experienced significant growth.- What is meant by tourism?o “Going away” on a holiday is commonly referred to as tourism.o The idea of travel for pleasure as opposed to travel for necessity, a recent phenomenon.o Until the 19th century, travel was not common.  People didn’t have the money.  Roads weren’t created. o Railways had the biggest impact on tourism. It made travel easier and economical. o Today more than 800 million tourist travel internationally every year. o The shareholders in tourism include: Governments Tourism industry Local governments (regulation) Local communities (museums, attractions) Non governmental organizations (NGO) and tourists (AAA)- Definitions and types of tourismo To define tourism is difficult and complicated. It is difficult to arrive at an agreeable definition. o It includes many diverse parts:  Human feelings  Emotions  Natural and cultural attractions  Suppliers of transport  Accommodation and many other services o Most agree that tourism involves travelo The World Tourism Organization (WTO) has endorsed the following definition: Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside the usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, or other reasons.o Recreational tourism is the most usual form of tourism.o Other types of tourism include: Business Study (education) Religion Health- Impacts of tourism: o Economic o Social o Environmental - Tourism, in some cases, is tolerated or forced upon the “host” communities, and not necessarily welcomed. - Tourism and the creation of wealth:o International attentiono Success in Spain in the 1950s o Possibilities for developing countries (Costa Rica)- What is the “tourist industry”?o The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), in 2007, established that tourism’s contribution to the global economy was: 10.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) 234.4 million jobs 8.7% of total employmento Extremely difficult to defineo Does not have the usual production functiono Its output can not be physically measuredo It is difficult to evaluate its impact upon the economy o Some practices are similar to industrial productiono “Mass Tourism” Standard package  Usually includes transportation and accommodations Relies on mass consumption “Package holiday” which relies on mass consumption Keep prices low “Fordist” productiono Can not be compared to other industrieso Does not produce identifiable producto “Tourism industry” refers to many different businesses and organizationo These industries are connected by the services they provide- Tourism as a systemo Tourism incorporates businesses, societies, and environments o No manager or owner has complete controlo Individual decisions and actions have consequences throughout the system Ex. Oil prices rising, less people visit, food industry goes downo The analogy of a spider’s web Everything is connectedo Important inputs Environment- Beaches, rain forests, mountains Government Policies- Regulations Subsystems- Tourism retailing- Destination- Transportation- Hotels- Airlineso Outputs of the System Environmental and cultural changes- Conserve and pollute the environment- May bring positive and negative cultural changeso Positive: jobs- Can create economic opportunities- Can also bring economic overdependence- Price inflation5/16/12The Growth in Demand for Tourism- Pre-industrial tourismo Roman Times Resort Areas Transportation One Currency Middle Ages- Roman Empire collapses- Lasted 800 yearso Middle Ages  Travel was more difficult Religious pilgrimage- Monks from one church to another Trade- Silk route into China o 17 th Century Grand Tour - Aristocracy – leaders needed to learn so they travelled to Florence, Italy. - European Culture - Visit to major cultural centers - Lasted three years - Private tutors – Adam Smith o Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, which is the foundation of capitalism, free enterprise. - Ended first part of the 19 th century o Health Tourism 18th Century Southern France Escaping the winter Spa towns of Europe Stockholm and Copenhagen traveled south for warmer weather. Creating the conditions for the growth of contemporary tourism: The influence of industrialization and urbanization- Industrial Revolution (Steam Engine)o Last quarter 18th century in Englando Economic and social changeso People moved from rural to urban environmentso Work and leisure high differentiatedo Bank Holiday Acts in 1871 and 1875 gave workers a four-day holiday Now families have time for tourismo New creation of transportation systems- Transportation o Another major change was the steam engine o Railways and steamships o Travel became easier o Needed to carry more people to cover cost - 20th Century o Growth of tourism continuedo Motor caro Ari travel (1950s and 60s)o Access to foreign countries became easier- 21st Centuryo Information technology has made it easier to: Obtain information on price, location and availability Visual tour Booking of flightso Tour of operators emergedo Price of travel was reducedMass Participation in International Tourism- Most evidence in Europe - Increased prosperity- Geographical proximity- No longer for a small elite, the middle class has days off now, allowing them to travel. Second Wave of Mass Tourism- From the United Kingdom to Spain- Increasing level of disposable income from the late 1950’s- Surplus war aircraft provided cheap transportation- Emergence of tour operators- Promotion of Spain as a destination- Cheap land for hotel developmentNumber of International Arrivals- 1950 was 25 million- 1980 was 270 million- 2000 was 687 million- 2020 projected 1.6 billionTourism Flows: The Influence of