Main Concepts from Race The Power of and Illusion Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 1 Hoffman found that white s suffered less death and disease than blacks but ignored the effects of poverty on blacks 2 Believed that blacks were innately inferior so there extinction was imminent 3 One Drop Rule 1920 s someone as black a single drop of black blood ancestry identified 4 28 states forbid inter marriages to protect white racial purity 5 Black athletes are said to have been biologically physically superior but not intellectually superior 6 There is no gene for race but overtime some mutations like that which produces dark melanin was kept for AA s but not for Whites 7 Differences between skin tones occur across geographic distances but nowhere will you find the place where dark vs light people start 1 Many White Europeans live with a myth that their ancestors came with nothing and made something of themselves and are privileged now due to hard work myth 2 After WW2 Federal Housing Admin Was created and loaned money for Americans to buy homes Before FHA 50 must be put down Now 20 down 80 financed over 30 years created Suburbia blacks excluded 3 The original terms of Social Security excluded farm and domestic workers most of who were non white 1 FHA worried that presents of blacks would cripple home values in new suburbs so blacks couldn t get loans and fled to inner cities 2 Race was very important for appraising property 3 Communities away from minorities received green ratings 4 Communities in inner cities received red redlining ratings 5 120 billion dollars in new housing loans was written less than 2 were to non whites 6 After blacks were put in inner cities urban renewal was proposed 90 of housing destroyed for urban renewal was not replaced 2 3 of those displaced were black Latino 7 Block Busting Real Estate agents told whites to sell homes quickly under market value so they could then be sold to blacks at inflated prices white flight once blacks moved in neighborhood quickly became black Part 4 1 1968 Lyndon Johnson Fair Housing Act removed racial language from federal housing policy Non white families could now move to white communities 2 Blacks still not able to get loans So they have no loans no jobs to buy homes no tax base Because blacks primarily look in areas they can afford inner cities and they are only 13 of population 83 not looking in that area so values decrease 3 Net Worth For blacks it is 1 8 of what white family s equity is today thanks to red lining and not building equity and racist home policies Differences Between Within Groups There may be as much or more biological variation within groups as there is between them Hypodecent Rule Rule that people who are multi racial are always assigned the status of the Subordinate Group Problems w Umbrella Groups Asians and Hispanics must choose a nation of origin when officially documenting their race whites do not have to do this Spanish people have routinely been classified as white but because Latino s can be of any race it is only offered as an ethnicity but Hispanic is not an official race Even though multi racial people may identify as more than one race due to hypodecent rule they are always counted as members of their subordinate group Counting people in this way means that you risk classifying someone as a race that they do not identify with such as with Asians and Latino s Characteristic of African American Middle Class 1 3 of African American s in the middle class 1 1980 2004 Median income grew from 23 372 to 30 134 2 Poverty Rate Dropped from 29 22 1 2008 3 Approximately 90 of those with college degrees and incomes over 25 000 are married and live with their partners 4 Birthrate for unmarried black women between age 15 44 fell from 90 5 per 1 000 women to 67 2 5 Blacks tend to have large extended families filled with blood related and extended fictive kin 7 90 of black families consider themselves to be close to their families and have a goal of providing children with a strong loving home 1 The top 1 net worth went from 6 million 14 million Net Worth 2 The net worth of the top 1 5th of families has doubled since 1962 800 000 1 7 million 3 The middle class net worth has seen only a 25 rise 52 000 65 000 4 The bottom 20 is deeper in debt 7 000 72 000 Net Worth by Race Ethnicity Drops 2009 1 White 16 drop 134 992 113 149 2 Hispanics 66 drop 18 359 6 325 3 Blacks 53 drop 12 124 5 677 Increasing Income Gaps 1995 1999 1 The incomes of the top 1 grew by 59 from1995 1999 2 The income of the bottom half only grew by 9 2 The top 5 receive 21 of the nation s income with incomes of 173 000 3 The top 20 control half of the nation s income 4 The poorest 20 of Americans have an annual income under 25 000 Poverty by Race and Family Structure 18 of families live in poverty White 10 1 of all white families live in poverty 5 6 of married white families live in poverty 32 1 of all female headed white households live in poverty Asian 12 1 of all Asian families live in poverty 9 4 of married Asian families live in poverty 31 6 of all female headed Asian households live in poverty Hispanic 30 2 of all Hispanic families live in poverty 22 7 of all married Hispanic families live in poverty 50 9 of all female headed Hispanic households live in poverty Black 33 4 of all black families live in poverty 14 0 of all married black families live in poverty 48 8 of all female headed black families live in poverty Children Poverty 21 of children live below the poverty line White Children 12 live below poverty line Black Children 36 live below poverty line Hispanic Children 33 live below poverty line Asian Children 14 live below poverty line American Indian Children 34 live below poverty line Pacific Islander Children 26 live below poverty line Multi Racial Children 24 live below poverty line Family Least Likely to be Poor Married Two Parent Families Marriage drops the probability of child poverty by 82 Only 6 4 of these families live in poverty Families Most Likely to be Poor 1 Female Headed Households 36 5 of these families live in poverty 2 African American s of all family types 33 4 are more likely to be poor 3 Married Hispanic Families 22 7 are more likely to be poor compared to all other married families families to be poor 4 Latino Female Households 50 9 are the most likely of all female headed Impact of Economic Restructuring 1 Technological Changes Lead to new different jobs that required new skills Many jobs that used to be done by …