Chapter FourOutlineGoalsGoals Contd.4.1 IonsSlide 6Slide 74.2 Periodic Properties and Ion FormationSlide 9Slide 104.3 Ionic BondsSlide 12Slide 134.4 Some Properties of Ionic CompoundsSlide 154.5 Ions and the Octet Rule4.6 Ions of Some Common ElementsSlide 184.7 Naming IonsSlide 20Slide 214.8 Polyatomic IonsSlide 234.9 Formulas of Ionic CompoundsSlide 254.10 Naming Ionic Compounds4.11 H+ and OH- Ions: An Introduction to Acids and BasesSlide 28Chapter SummaryChapter Summary Contd.Slide 31Key WordsSlide 33Chapter FourIonic CompoundsFundamentals of General, Organic and Biological Chemistry 6th EditionJames E. MayhughCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four2Outline►4.1 Ions►4.2 Periodic Properties and Ion Formation►4.3 Ionic Bonds►4.4 Some Properties of Ionic Compounds►4.5 Ions and the Octet Rule►4.6 Ions of Some Common Elements►4.7 Naming Ions►4.8 Polyatomic Ions►4.9 Formulas of Ionic Compounds►4.10 Naming Ionic Compounds►4.11 H+ and OH- Ions: An Introduction to Acids and BasesCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four3Goals►1.1.What is an ion, what is an ionic bond, and what are What is an ion, what is an ionic bond, and what are the general characteristics of ionic compounds?the general characteristics of ionic compounds? Be able to Be able to describe ions and ionic bonds, and give the general properties describe ions and ionic bonds, and give the general properties of compounds that contain ionic bonds.of compounds that contain ionic bonds.►2.2.What is the octet rule, and how does it apply to What is the octet rule, and how does it apply to ions?ions? Be able to state the octet rule and use it to predict the Be able to state the octet rule and use it to predict the electron configurations of ions of main group elements.electron configurations of ions of main group elements.►3.3.What is the relationship between an element’s position What is the relationship between an element’s position in the periodic table and the formation of its ion?in the periodic table and the formation of its ion? Be able to Be able to predict what ions are likely to be formed by atoms of a given predict what ions are likely to be formed by atoms of a given element.element.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four4Goals Contd.►4.4.What determines the chemical formula of an What determines the chemical formula of an ionic compound?ionic compound? Be able to write formulas for ionic Be able to write formulas for ionic compounds, given the identities of the ions.compounds, given the identities of the ions.►5.5.How are ionic compounds named?How are ionic compounds named? Be able to Be able to name an ionic compound from its formula or give the name an ionic compound from its formula or give the formula of a compound from its name.formula of a compound from its name.►6.6.What are acids and bases?What are acids and bases? Be able to recognize Be able to recognize common acids and bases.common acids and bases.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four54.1 Ions►Atoms are electrically neutral because they contain equal numbers of protons and electrons.►By gaining or losing one or more electrons, however, an atom can be converted into a charged particle called an ion.►The symbol for an ion is written by adding the electrical charge as a superscript to the symbol for the element.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four6►The loss of one or more electrons from a neutral atom gives a positively charged ion called a cation. ►Sodium and other alkali metal atoms have a single electron in their valence shell. ►By losing this electron, an alkali metal is converted to a cation with a full valence shell.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four7►The gain of one or more electrons by a neutral atom gives a negatively charged ion called an anion. ►Chlorine and other halogens have 7 valence electrons.►Halogens easily gain an additional electron to fill out their valence subshell to form anions.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four84.2 Periodic Properties and Ion Formation►Ionization energy: The energy required to remove one electron from a single atom in the gaseous state.►Low ionization energies (IE) favor cation formation.►Electron affinity: The energy released on adding an electron to a single atom in the gaseous state.►High electron affinities (EA) favor anion formation.►Going from left to right on the periodic table, IE and EA values both increase.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four9►Ionization energies (red) and electron affinities (blue) for the first 36 elements. ►Alkali metals have the lowest ionization energies and lose an electron most easily.►Halogens have the highest electron affinities and gain an electron most easily.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four10►The noble gases neither gain nor lose an electron easily. They have high IE values and low EA values.►Main group elements near the middle of the periodic table have intermediate values of both IE and EA. ►These elements near group 4A lack a strong preference to either lose or gain electrons.►Later we will see that these elements tend not to form ionic bonds but form covalent bonds instead.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four114.3 Ionic BondsWhen sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas crystals of sodium chloride or table salt are formed.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four12►In a violent reaction, sodium atoms transfer electrons to chlorine atoms forming Na+ ions and Cl- ions.►The opposite electrical charges attract each other. Crystals of sodium chloride held together by ionic bonds result that are unlike either of the elements from which they are formed.►Ionic bond: The electrical attractions between ions of opposite charge in a crystal.►Ionic compound: A compound that contains ionic bonds.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four13►Each Na+ ion is surrounded by six Cl- ions, and each Cl- ion is surrounded by six Na+ ions. ►The crystal is held together by ionic bonds—the attraction between oppositely charged ions.Na+ and Cl- ions in a sodium chloride crystal.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Four144.4 Some Properties of Ionic Compounds►Ionic compounds are usually crystalline solids. ►Ions in an ionic solid are held rigidly in place by