Chapter ElevenOutlineGoalsGoals Contd.11.1 Nuclear ReactionsSlide 611.2 The Discovery and Nature of RadioactivitySlide 8Slide 911.3 Stable and Unstable IsotopesSlide 1111.4 Nuclear DecaySlide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 1711.5 Radioactive Half-LifeSlide 19Slide 2011.6 Radioactive Decay Series11.7 Ionizing RadiationSlide 2311.8 Detecting RadiationSlide 25Slide 2611.9 Measuring RadiationSlide 2811.10 Artificial Transmutation11.11 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear FusionSlide 31Slide 32Chapter SummaryChapter Summary Contd.Slide 35Key WordsKey Words Contd.Slide 38Chapter ElevenNuclear ChemistryFundamentals of General, Organic and Biological Chemistry 6th EditionJames E MayhughCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven2Outline►11.1 Nuclear Reactions►11.2 The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity►11.3 Stable and Unstable Isotopes►11.4 Nuclear Decay►11.5 Radioactive Half-Life►11.6 Radioactive Decay Series►11.7 Ionizing Radiation►11.8 Detecting Radiation►11.9 Measuring Radiation►11.10 Artificial Transmutation►11.11 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear FusionCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven3Goals►1. What is a nuclear reaction, and how are equations for nuclear reactions balanced? Be able to write and balance equations for nuclear reactions.►2. What are the different kinds of radioactivity? Be able to list the characteristics of three common kinds of radiation— , , and  (alpha, beta, and gamma).►3. How are the rates of nuclear reactions expressed? Be able to explain half-life and calculate the quantity of a radioisotope remaining after a given number of half-lives.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven4Goals Contd.►4. What is ionizing radiation? Be able to describe the properties of the different types of ionizing radiation and their potential for harm to living tissue.►5. How is radioactivity measured? Be able to describe the common units for measuring radiation.►6. What is transmutation? Be able to explain nuclear bombardment and balance equations for nuclear bombardment reactions.►7. What are nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? Be able to explain nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven511.1 Nuclear Reactions►The atomic number, written below and to the left of the element symbol, gives the number of protons in the nucleus and identifies the element. ►The mass number, written above and to the left of the element symbol, gives the total number of nucleons, a general term for both protons (p) and neutrons (n). ►The most common isotope of carbon, for example, has 12 nucleons: 6 protons and 6 neutrons:Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven6►Nuclear reaction: A reaction that changes an atomic nucleus, usually causing the change of one element into another. A chemical reaction never changes the nucleus.►Different isotopes of an element have essentially the same behavior in chemical reactions but often have completely different behavior in nuclear reactions.►The rate of a nuclear reaction is unaffected by a change in temperature or pressure (within the range found on earth) or by the addition of a catalyst.►The nuclear reaction of an atom is essentially the same whether it is in a chemical compound or in an uncombined, elemental form.►The energy change accompanying a nuclear reaction can be up to several million times greater than that accompanying a chemical reaction.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven711.2 The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity►In 1896, the French physicist Henri Becquerel noticed a uranium-containing mineral exposed a photographic plate that had been wrapped in paper. ►Marie and Pierre Curie investigated this new phenomenon, which they termed radioactivity: The spontaneous emission of radiation from a nucleus.►Ernest Rutherford established that there were at least two types of radiation, which he named alpha and beta. Shortly thereafter, a third type of radiation was found and named for the third Greek letter, gamma.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven8When passed between two charged plates: ►Alpha rays, helium nuclei (He+2 ), bend toward the negative plate because they have a positive charge. ►Beta rays, electrons (e- ), bend toward the positive plate because they have a negative charge. ►Gamma rays, photons (), do not bend toward either plate because they have no charge.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven9►Alpha rays move about ~0.1c and can be stopped by a few sheets of paper or by the top layer of skin. ►Beta rays move at up to 0.9c and have about 100 times the penetrating power of  particles. A block of wood or heavy clothing is necessary to stop  rays. ►Gamma rays move at c and have about 1000 times the penetrating power of  rays. A lead block several inches thick is needed to stop  rays.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven1011.3 Stable and Unstable Isotopes►Every element in the periodic table has at least one radioactive isotope, or radioisotope, and more than 3300 radioisotopes are known.►Their radioactivity is the result of having unstable nuclei, although the exact causes of this instability are not fully understood. Radiation is emitted when an unstable radioactive nucleus, or radionuclide, spontaneously changes into a more stable one.►There are only 264 stable isotopes among all the elements. ►All isotopes of elements with atomic numbers higher than that of bismuth (83) are radioactive.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven11►For elements in the first few rows of the periodic table, stability is associated with a roughly equal number of neutrons and protons.►As elements get heavier, the number of neutrons relative to protons in stable nuclei increases.►Lead-208, for example, the most abundant stable isotope of lead, has 126 neutrons and 82 protons in its nuclei.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter Eleven1211.4 Nuclear Decay►Nuclear decay: The spontaneous emission of a particle from an unstable nucleus.►Transmutation: The change of one element into another.►The equation for a nuclear reaction is not balanced in the usual chemical sense because the kinds of atoms are not the same on both sides of the arrow. A nuclear equation is balanced when the number of nucleons and the sums of the