Nuclear(Weapons,(Deterrence,(and(Proliferation(!Why(don’t(we(use(our(Nuclear(Weapons?(A. Destructiveness?(No(• the!point!of!nuclear!weapons!is!to!have!the!most!destructive!weapon(• Since!the!creation!of!nuclear!weapons,!weapons!have!only!become!more!destructive!!(• During!WWII,!!focused!on!civilians!sign ifica ntly...!this!would!destroy!the!moral!of!the!enemy.!If!you!do!it!to!civilians,!they!won’t!support!the!war!effort.!(B. Deterrence?(No(• Our!ownership!of!nukes!inclines!other!powers!not!to!fight!us,!however,(this!is!not!always!the!case(• Other!countries!have!still!challenged!us!since!the!creation!of!nuclear!weapons(C. Battlefield(Utility:((No(• Tactical!nuclear!weapons!are!designed!with!limited!damage!radius!in!order!to!be!used!on!the!battlefield(§ !Can!be!used!on!torpedos,!land!mines,!bunkerBbusters,!etc.(• Depleted!uranium!(D. They’re(Wrong/Immoral:(Yes(• Public!opinion!has!turned!against!the!use!of!them(§ “Nuclear!Taboo”B!Nina!Tannenwald!o Idea!that!nuclear!weapons!are!immoral!and!should!not!be!used;!the!rest!of!the!world!will!look!upon!any!country!that!does!use!them!extremely!negatively.!!§ Opinion!began!to!change!after!Hiroshima!and!Nagasaki!o HiroshimaB!70,000!dead!on!impact,!!o By!1945!another!70,000!died!from!radiation!!o By!1950,!over!200,000!people!had!been!killed!by!the!bomb!and!its!radiation!o Horrific!rates!of!birth!defects!for!years!and!years.!!New(Norm(of(Deterrence(A. RetaliationB!if!we!use!it,!they!will!use!it!back,!chain!reaction((Effects(on(Policy(A. NPT!(1968)(• We!were!unwilling!to!ban!nuclear!weapons(• We!agreed!to!limit!and!control!nuclear!weapons(• Committed!all!those!who!signed!to!limit!possession!of!weapons!and!ensure!that!they!would!not!pursue!and!would!withhold!the!technology!from!countries!that!did!not!already!have!it(• Countries!that!didn’t!sign:(§ Pakistan,!India,!North!Korea!(N.!Korea!originally!signed!but!then!pulled!out(B. Biological!(1972)!and!Chemical!Weapons!(1993)!!• Geneva!Protocols!banned!use!of!gas!• Biological!Weapons!Treaty!and!Chemical!Weapons!Conventions!banned!the!use!of!biological!and!chemical!weapons.!!C. Disarmament(vs.(Deterrence!• Complete(disarmamentB!comes!from!liberals.!!§ Wants!to!see!countries!get!rid!of!weapons!and!focus!on!diplomacy.!!§ With!this!we!wouldn’t!have!to!fear!nuclear!war.!!• Deterrence(via(extreme(build(upB!championed!by!realists.!!§ The!best!way!to!prevent!war!is!to!prepare!for!war,!to!not!b e!vulnerable.!!§ This!deters!enemy.!!§ Massive!buildBup!of!nuclear!weapons!happened!after!WWII!o tried!to!get!as!many!as!we!could,!convince!other!side!that!you!will!win!because!of!the!amount!you!have.!!o Also!developed!defensive!strategies!to!protect!nation!so!they!could!withstand!the!first(strike.!We!could!absorb!first!strike!and!then!be!ready!to!respond.!Nuclear!TriadB!nuclear!capability!on!land,!air!and!sea.!!• Deterence(via(arms(control(and(MAD!§ Limit!amount!of!weapons!we!have!§ Balance!capabilities;!we!want!same!amount!as!eneimesB!mutual!vulernability!§ Atmosphere!of!MUTUAL(ASSURED(DESTRUTION(!I. Arms(Control(History((see(slide)(! Moderate!position!between!disarmament!and!deterrence.!Reducing!the!number!and!ensuring!a!balance!of!capabilities.!US!and!USSR!had!the!SAME!nuclear!capabilities!as!one!another.!It!establishes!mutual!vulnerability.!As!long!as!were!vulnerable,!we!have!public!constraints!and!they!would!not!take!an!extra!step.!!A. From(MAD(to(MAP(BMutual!Assured!Destruction!(MAD):!Both!sides!would!go!down!because!both!powers!maintained!second!strike!capability.!It!would!restrain!politicians!from!being!too!aggressive!with!one!another!and!assured!Soviets!that!we!wouldn’t!get!into!a!nuclear!war.!Arms!Control!is!the!best!policy!to!pursue.!Maintain!MAD!and!level!of!deterrence.!!BMutual!Assured!Protection!(MAP)B!some!thought!it!would!increase!the!likelihood!of!war!because!those!with!capabilities!could!defend!themselves!and!would!initiate!a!war!because!they!can!protect!themselves.!Reagan!offered!it!to!Soviets!so!one!power!didn’t!have!overBpower.!!I. Nuclear(Proliferation(Leads!to!the!question!though,!what!sta t es!can!have!nukes?!NP!is!the!spread!of!nuclear!weapons!and/or!offensive!nuclear!capabilities.!At!this!point,!it!is!countries!that!aren’t!NPT!signers.!Why!does!any!country!now!need!to!develop!that!technology!now!if!were!all!committed!to!not!use!it?!It! comes! down!to!the!country’s!motives!then.!Countries!that!have!challenged!this!have!show n!aggressive!tendencies!and!are!unpredictable.!N.!Korea!has!tested!them!and!so!has!Iran...!they!are!developing!these!capabilities!in!defiance!of!NPT!but!we!don’t!know!motives!but!don’t!seem!good.!Develops!problems!and!insecurity.!!A. Realists(on(Weak/New(States(Realists!are!proponents!of!deterrence!but!they!are!concerned!that!if!these!new!weak!powers!came!to!possess!these!capabilities,!but!would!lose!deterrence!factor.!!a. A!state!has!to!have!a!strong!stable!government!b. The!state!has!to!be!in!possession!of!advanced!technology!c. The!state!has!to!have!modern!communications!d. The!state!needs!to!have!large!stockBpiles!of!nuclear!weapons,!that!are!dispersed!in!order!to!maintain!second!strike!capability.!!e. They!have!to!have!precautions!against!accidents,!corruption.!f. Have!to!have!solid!security!! Most!of!these!new!and!weak!states!do!not!have!these!and!because!of!deterrence!we!have!a!higher!risk!that!the!weapons!will!be!misused!and!fall!into!the!wrong!hands!OR!that!the!state!will!be!even!more!vulnerable!due!to!its!limited!possession!or!inadequate!security.!This!would!help!encourage!Realists!to!support!the!NPT!if!they!have!the!above!standards.!!I. Constructivism(and(the(nuclear(norm(of(nonTuse(We!have!norms!and!constructivists!dont!just!apply!to!individual!but!also!states!!Additional!Terms:!Balance!of!Terror,!First!Strike,!Second!Strike!Capability,!Nuclear!Triad,!Balance!of!Capabilities,!Mutual!Vulnerability,!ICBM,!SDI!!!!Clash(of(Civilizations((Post(Cold(War(Environment(• The!end!of!the!Cold!War!was!in!some!ways!was!Traumatic.(• Went!from!a!tense,!yet!stable!biBpolar!international!system,!to!a!uniBpolar!one,!with!America!as!the!hegemon.(• Mearsheimer!(§ predicted!that!there!would!be!challenges!to!the!United!States!because!the!Soviet!Union!was!no!longer!there!to!fill!the!role.(§