Introduction to Interviewing & Counseling A. What is counseling?a. “the artful application of scientifically derived psychological knowledge and techniques for the purpose of changing human behavior”b. “A helping relationship that includes someone seeking help and someone willing to give help who is trained to help in a setting that permits help to be given and received” c. “Whatever ethical activities a counselor undertakes in an effort to help the client engage in those types of behavior which lead to a resolution of the client’s problems”d. “A process that help people in learning about themselves, their environment, and the methods of handling their roles and relationships”e. “The art of listening, advice, guidance, or direction regarding an action or decision to help a person change” B. Counseling vs Psychotherapya. Counselingi. Educational ii. Supportiveiii. Situationaliv. Problem v. Consciousvi. Oriented in the present vii. Normal problemsviii. Short-term b. Psychotherapy i. Reconstructiveii. In-depthiii. Analyticaliv. Oriented in the pastv. Emphasis on dysfunctionvi. Long-term C. Interviewing a. Process of gathering info, problem solving, & advice giving b. Interviewers may be:i. Clinical, school, and career counselorsii. Social workersiii. Medical personnel iv. Exc. D. Interviewing vs. Counseling a. Interviewing i. Less personalii. Less intensiveiii. Shorterb. Counseling i. More personal ii. More intensive iii. Longer E. Microskillsa. Communication skills units of the interview that provide specific alternatives to use w/ many types of clients and all theoriesb. Allows you to anticipate or predict a client’s response i. Purpose/ Intentional F. Intentionalitya. Do you have a good relationship with your roommate?b. What’s your relationship with your roommate like? c. Tell me about your relationship with your roommate.G. Microskills Hierarchya. Figure in book H. Narrative Theorya. Don’t need to know theory in too much detail*b. We’re concerned with client’s storyc. Emphasizes storytelling and generation of new meaningsd. Was developed by Michael Whitee. Stories people tell themselves lead them t construe their experience in unhelpful waysi. A man’s dominant story is that he can’t trust anyoneii. Reacts furiously when his wife is late and doesn’t call iii. He notices all of the time that fit with this narrative and ignores those that don’t I. Goal of Narrative Therapya. Deconstruct unproductive narrative and reconstruct a more productive story with unique outcomesi. (e.g. times when he has been able to trust)J. Narrative Theory (5 steps)a. Relationshipi. Building a working allianceb. Story and strengthsi. Listening skills are keyii. Look for what is going rightc. Goalsi. What do you want to change?ii. How do we get there?d. Restory i. New ways to talk about themselvese. Actioni. Thinking and acting in new waysK. Brain Researcha. Neuroplasticity : Brain’s capacity to develop new neural connections in responses to new experiencesb. Both you and your clients develop new connections as result of your interaction L. Client Story (example problem)a. Jennifer = 40 y.ob. Made an appointment with a dietician for help with weight loss and maintenancec. Describes numerous failed attempts at dieting and exercised. You get the sense that Jennifer sees herself as a failuree. What is Jennifer’s dominant story?f. How would you help Jennifer re-write her story?i. Unique outcomes? g. Why would this be helpful?M. Clients a. Self-awarenessi. Strength and limitations b. Self-regulation and flexibilityc. Self motivation and persistenced. Empathy e. Social Skills i. Est. trust, good listener, empoweringEthicsA. Steps of Ethical Decision Making a. Determine that the matter is an ethical one b. Consult available guidelines c. Consider all sources that might influence your decision d. Consult with a colleaguee. Evaluate the rights, responsibilities, and vulnerability of all affected parties f. Generate alternative decisionsg. Enumerate the consequences of making each decision h. Make and implement the decision i. Ongoing evaluation B. Professional Code of Ethicsa. Ensures high standard of professional service and protect clientsb. Structures and worded to provide general guidance c. Proves a standard for membership C. Putting Client Welfare 1sta. AAMFT Principle I (don’t need to know definition): MFTs advance the welfare of families and individuals. D. Competencea. ADA Principle #8 (don’t need to know): the dietetics practitioner recognized and exercises professional judgment within the limits of his or her qualification and collaborates with others, seeks counsel, or makes referrals as appropriate b. Practice within the boundaries of your own competencei. Education ii. Training iii. Recognized professional credentials iv. Supervised experience c. Recognize your limitations and seek supervision d. Refer if necessary E. Evidence-Based Treatment Movement a. The dietetics practitioner practices dietetics based on evidence-based principles and current information (ADA, 12) F. Informed Consenta. Informs client of the goals, procedures, benefits, and risks of counseling process G. Confidentiality a. Within informed consentb. Ethical duty to protect information revealed in counseling from unauthorized disclosurec. Privileged communication: A client’s legal right, guaranteed by state statue, that confidences originating in a therapeutic relationship will be safeguarded during certain court proceedings H. Limits to Confidentialitya. Danger to self b. Danger to someone elsec. Child Abused. Elder Abusee. Court ordered I. Assessing Danger a. Have they ever thought about suicide? b. Have they harmed themselves or attempted to harm themselves in the past?c. Are they currently abusing any substances? d. Do they have a plan? e. Do they have the means? J. Duty to Warn a. Ethical and/or legal obligation to notify an identified, potential victim, or group of victims, of possible danger i. May include law enforcement authorities or a government agencyb. Tarasoff vs. Regents of the University of CA (1976)i. Contacted the police but didn’t warn victim c. Be knowledgeable of state lawsK. Duty to Protecta. Ethical and/or legal obligation to implement a reasonable plan of intervention to avert or de-escalate client behavior that may harm self or others L. Mandatory Reporting Lawsa. Who:i. Therapists, physicians, teachers, nurses, day care workers, dentists,