EXAM 2Foundations of CounselingChap. 6-10PowerPoints: active listening- empathic confrontation I. Active Listening (CHAPTER SIX)- Listening is an active process o Hear what they’re saying, anticipate how clients will respond o See their point of viewo Feel their experience- 3 skills- so you don’t mix your own ideas o encouraging  short responses verbal- key words, short statements nonverbal- gestures, head nods, smiling result- your clients will elaborate on their story more  too much of this can be annoyingo paraphrasing (known as “reflection of content”) shorten and clarify what was just said. ROGERS use the clients key words- “what do you mean by ‘frustrated’? essence of what was just said result- clients will feel heard, give more detail without repeat, can correct if your interpretation is wrong The “how” of active listening/steps- 1. Sentence stem (sometimes using the client’s name)- 2. Key words (used by the client to describe the situation)- 3. Essence of what was said (transforming the client’s confused statement into meaningful statements)- 4. Checkout. (“is that right?”…accuracy)o summarizing summarize comments and integrate thoughts, emotions, and behaviors  clarify lengthy and complex discussions  similar to paraphrase, but used over longer time span  open and close sessions result- clients feel heard, may learn how different parts of what they said are integrated - researcho active listening is empirically associated with client satisfaction stronger counselor/client relationships client engagement and retention  more accurate diagnosis by health professionals  better client outcomes II. Reflecting Feelings (CHAPTER SEVEN)- Reflection of feeling: identify the key emotions of a client and feed them back to clarify affective experience.o Predicted result: clients will experience and understand their emotional state more fully and talk more in depth about emotions and feelingso Open questions: -how do you feel about thato Closed questions: -could it be that you feel angry?o Inferences: it looks as if you’re hurt by her actions. Would you say that’s correct?- Techniques of reflecting feelingso 1) sentence stem: “I hear you are feeling..” or “it sounds like you feel..”o 2) feeling label: add emotional word to sentence stem (“looks like you’re happy”)o 3) context or brief paraphrase: to broaden reflection of feelings (add words“about, when, or because”)o 4) tense and immediacy: reflections in the present tense tend to be more useful than past tenseo 5) checkout: “is that right?”- Primary and secondary emotionso Primary Fear Mad (less activity in prefrontal cortex) Sad (70 different brain regions) Glad (many areas, increase memories in hippocampus)o Secondary frustrated, confused, annoyed, guilt, shame can be conflicting- Theorieso Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion  Perception of emotion consists of 2 parts:- -physiological arousal- -emotional label for that arousalo Barrett’s Conceptual Act Model  Every moment results from combo of 3 sources of stimulation: - 1) Sensations from the world- 2) Sensations from the body- 3) Prior experiences- Core affect:o Pleasure vs. displeasure o High arousal vs. low arousalo Measured on continuum from + to -o Contemporary Neuroscience Research Hippocampus – memory “organ,” negative things “blow a fuse” Hypothalamus – “switching station” sends messages- Positive Emotionso Decrease cardiac reactivityo Faster recovery from stressful situationso Contradictions Don’t try to jump to positive emotions too quickly May feel like their situation is being diminished- Conclusiono our need for closeness goes deeper than basic need for survivalo we naturally desire secure attachmento adult attachment same patterns as children attachment injuries- occur when significant people don’t meet out expectations- ex. CheatingIII. EFT theory of change o emotionally focused therapy=EFTo evidence-based model o EFT main objectives  promote secure bonds with partners focus on the present moment focus on emotions  little emphasis on insight - THEORY= attachmento Innate and primary motivating force- behavioral theoristso Harlow’s research Surrogates, self soothing, partnering later in life, parentingo Bowlby and Ainsworth’s work 3 types of attachment styles- secure- avoidant- anxiouso Primary emotions drive our cognitions and behaviorso Access primary emotions= change thoughts and behaviors - Interaction cycleso Patterns created and maintained by emotions reactions and subsequent behaviorso Couples can become “stuck”o Can look very similar even when details change because they activate our core emotions which we respond to in repetitive ways- Role of Therapisto Choreographer: restructure “relationship dance”o Collaborator: sometimes follow/ sometimes leado Process consultant: help partners reprocess their emotional experience- Stage 1: De-escalationo Step 1: create alliance and identify problemo Step 2: identify interaction cycleo Step 3: identify underlying emotionso Step 4: reframe problem in terms of underlying feeling and attachment needs- Stage 2: changing interactional positionso Step 5: access unacknowledged needs and emotionso Step 6: promote partner acceptanceo Step 7: expression of needs and create bonding events that redefine the interaction - Stage 3: consolidation and integrationo Step 8: develop new solutionso Step 9: new and healthier cycles of interaction- 3 major shiftso negative cycle de-escalationo withdrawer engagement o blamer softening- Thoughts vs. Feelingso Feelings, thoughts, and behaviorso Thoughts are developed due to a person’s underlying feelings of attachment IV. 5 stage session- Listening skills (CHAPTER 8) - The basic learning sequence (BLS)o Active listening and observationo Open/closed questions: bring out the story for diagnosiso Encouraging: used to help evoke detailso Paraphrasing: catches what the client is sayingo Summarizing: brings order and makes sense of client convoo Reflecting feelings: examines the complexity of emotions- Intentionalityo Knowing when you want to use a certain skill compared to another- BLSo Theories/models will have different focus but the goals are generally the same- The 5 dimensions of the well-formed interviewo 1) Empathic relationship Initiates the session Rapport- therapeutic