Starting on 7 Family Tarsiidae 1 genus and 7 species Tropical forest of Borneo Sumatra East Indian and Philippine islands Enormous eyes Digits with disk like pads Elongate hind limbs Tibia and fibula fused Calcaneum navicular super long insectivorous carnivorous Arboreal and nocturnal Bipedal leaping Solitary or gregarious males and females meet while foraging Vocalize at 70 kHz humans hear to 20 kHz Long gestation 6 months single young Platyrrhini New world Family Cebidae marmosets tamarins capuchins squirrel monkeys Family Aotidae night monkeys Family Pitheciidae titi uakari saki monkeys think pith of fruit Family Atelidae howler spider and woolly monkeys Family Cebidae 6 genera and 56 species Marmosets tamarins capuchins and squirrel monkeys Marmosets and tamarins Small 100 750g omnivores Chisel shaped medial incisors LOVE tree sap May have manes on head Lack opposable thumbs and toes Why would they not have opposable thumbs digits Dexterity is less important climbing isn t as important because it would expend too much energy Claws except hallux big toe Why have organisms with those big manes Sexual selection Signalling from raising fur crests Fraternal twins share common placenta Could be considered a kind of back up Both sexes communally care for young Tamarins are polyandrous Female with many male partners When would you have this Go around and look for the best Capuchin and Squirrel Monkeys Eat fruit insects Long limbs and digits with nails Long furred tail Big ish 750g 4 5kg White Face capuchins squirrel monkeys Sex linked variation in cones di trichromats with two or three kinds of color sensitive opsin pigments in eye Some females can see three colors red green blue No big difference in foraging success baby survival When it s sex linked how is it passed on The x or y chromosome Who typically would pass this on The mother Could females get this If both x chromosomes carry the gene mother is a carrier father has color blindness Family Aotidae Night monkeys Family Pitheciidae 1 genus 8 species Nocturnal territorial 8 vocalizations screams gulps hoots Not dimorphic Male primary caregiver Titi monkeys saki monkeys and uacaris 4 genera and 40 species Diurnal and arboreal Herbivorous with diastema Small 2 3kg Forage in canopy for fruit leaves and nuts Long lived and low reproductive rates Lethargic in captivity Why Overfed Family Atelidae Frugivores folivores especially howler monkeys Tail long prehensile Diverse Howler spider woolly monkeys 5 genera 24 species Highly vocal Ossified resonating larynx in howlers Why would they be loud and obnoxious Defense against harpy eagles Diurnal highly arboreal social Males philopatric stay in natal area have dominance hierarchies What is a fission fusion social system Females disperse mate with many partners Fission fusion social system Splitting up and then coming back together Catarrhini Old world anthropoid primates 29 genera and 153 species Diverged from platyrrhine primates 38 40 MYA Family Cercopithecidae baboons and friends Family Hylobatidae gibbons Family Hominidae great apes Family Cercopithecidae 21 genera 132 species 1 5 50 kg Baboons incl mandrils colubus vervet monkeys Sexual dimorphism in size and color Large canines esp males Ischial callosities common Opposable thumb and big toe Vervet monkeys steal from human tourists Less annoying Colubus Less strongly opposable thumb Family Hylobatidae 4 genera 14 species 4 11kg Gibbons Cool color variation within species sex age individual Loose ball socket wrists Tropical southeastern Asia Lack tail and cheek pouches Extremely long forelimbs brachiation Siamangs bors hairless Highly vocal Family Hominidae Includes humans chimps orangutan gorillas Fossils from early middle Eocene of Africa and Asia Anatomically modern humans date to 154 160 000 years ago in Africa Complex vocal communication orangutan long calls Chimps bonobos orangutans tool use may have cultures Gorillas and orangutans nest in trees Features of living great apes humans 48 270kg 2 4x stronger than humans relative to mass Big canines Herbivorous chimps occasionally carnivorous Forelimbs longer than hind limbs Lack tails Social systems well developed Male dominance hierarchies Fission fusion social systems common females often disperse to other groups Orangutans Gorillas Common Chimps Survive long falls easily flexible padded joints Loose associations except mother young 6 7 years Big adult males mostly solitary can be sexually aggressive Interposition common for solving conflict family members calm others females and young interrupt adult male conflict Related males in stressed environments war to gain territory Kill deserter males Less murder in closer communities Cooperative hunting of colubus monkeys Bonobos pygmy Chimps G G rubbing reduces social stress promotes cohesion Cooperate regardless of relationship Stands for genital genital rubbing Tickle fights Platyrrhini New World Catarrhini Old World Cebidae Cercopithecida e i H o m n o d e a i Callitrichinae Cebinae Aotidae Pitheciidae Atelidae Cercopithecina e Colobinae Hylobatida e i H o m n d a e i Pongo Homo Pan Gorilla Tarsiidae