Comm 309-Review for Exam 3 - What is Prosocial media?o The use of the media to encourage or enable children to interact with each other in friendly, inclusive ways.o Positive interactions (friendly play, inclusiveness, aggression reductions, altruism, and stereotype reduction)- How do altruistic and violent content differ on children’s shows?o Children are more likely to encounter depictions of altruism (in three out of four programs) than of physical aggression (in two out of three programs)o But the concentration of altruistic behaviors is lower (three incidents an hour) than that of violence (six incidents an hour)o In children’s programming altruism occurs about four times an hour, violence occurs 14 times an houro Children who watches an average of 3 hour a day of children television programming will see 4,380 acts of altruism and 15,330 acts of violence each year - What factors in Social Learning Theory increase altruistic behavior? o child identifies with character; character is of similar age, etc.- What are the effects of a media portrayal in which prosocial behavior follows aggression? o Research suggest that having prosocial behavior follow aggression might actually “backfire”o Meta-analysis suggest that combining initial antisocial content with prosocial outcome might be particularly problematic o Ex: Power Rangers- even if ending result is something positive….. violence pulls more weight - What are the effects of Educational programming? o One large scale 10 year longitudinal study (preschool to high school) found that children who watch educational television in the early year perform better some 10 years later o Effective Educational Programming: Program is attention holding. Used by Sesame Street. Repetition. Encourage audience participation, Characters speak to child and ask for their response Use narrative format- telling a story is best Education material is CENTRAL to the storyline - Do programs like Baby Einstein have an effect on those under 2 years of age?o not effectiveo no real evidence that any type of media has a beneficial effect for children under 2o Infants and toddlers learn better from real-life experiences than from video o Media learning starts around age 3 o There exists a video deficit effect for learning by infants and toddlers o Researchers have yet to show any learning for commercial baby videos.- What are the effects of TV on Politics? o Political advertising (different types of ads to a national audience)o Decline of political parties (Campaigns more CANDIDATE centered then PARTY centered)o Need to have a national presence o Apathy- campaigns more negative (partisanship seen)- What historically have been the various stages of the press in reporting on the President? o 1941-66: Lap Dog Journalism  You did not criticize the president of the United Stateso 1966-74: Watch dog journalism  Report only on issue that influence performance Not going to talk about the presidents wrong doing; it must be significant and a constitutional issueo 1974: Junkyard Journalism  “Political reporting that is often harsh, aggressive, and intrusive” This makes running for office very difficult - What are the effects of negative political ads o Negativity bias (Negative information is more memorable than positive)o Negative ads are more complex than positive ones –leads to more attentiono Seem to be retained in memory more than positive adso Sleeper effect – you don’t remember where the information came from, disassociate it from the source - What are the effects of Presidential Debates? o Most debates have had little influence on outcomeo 1960 to 2000 exceptionso In close elections Debates could be decisive - What are the major results of the use of new technology from the last 2 Presidential elections?o World has changed; things have moved online and tradition has changed tremendouslyo Mobile devices are coming into voteo Facebook, social media, getting into what friends and other people are doing in politics- What are some of the findings regarding how rapidly new technology has changed in the last decade?o Internet adoption is up to 85%o Changes in smartphone ownership up to 65%... but moved very rapidlyo Almost two-thirds of cell owners go online line using their cell phones.. also moved rapidlyo Mobile Phones are more important than sex “I’d give up sex before I’d give up my phone”…. We are hookedo Tablet ownership up to 34% only 4 years ago it was 3%o Social Networking site up to 89% 2005 was 9%o Google boss: Entire world will be online by 2020- In what ways is new technology different from “old media?”o The internet is less of a Mass medium than it is a conduit for mass and other forms of communicationo What are some of the differences from Old media1. Interactivity – 2 way and more audience activity2. Diversity of Content and Viewpoints3. Audience Selectivity and Control4. The audience can now be the gatekeeper (We comment about it… go on twitter & Facebook and express how we feel and what is going on)5. Personalization of the Media Experience6. Gone from broadcasting to narrowcasting- special appeal programming (We have choice, what we would prefer to see)7. Media Convergence- Line between mass and interpersonal is being blurred (Cyberbullying & Sexting is it interpersonal or mass media: fine line)- How does new technology change the theories we discussed in class? o we have to adjust o Agenda setting Who are the gatekeepers? (blogs, etc.) New media may not only tell people “ What to think about” but how and when to act on those issues- Occupy Wall Street, the Mideasto Cultivation-Perhaps our world view is specialized through our own choosing, WE can select and even create content that IS our world view- What are some of the roles of Social Networking Sites in substance abuse? o serves as a super-peer o Teens typical day of social networking sites : 70%o teen substance use by time spent on social networking percentage is up, seen pictures of alcohol and weed on social networking sites higher percentageo 12% of teens that have seen drugs on social networking likely to try drugs in future. Vs. 5% not seen- Theoretically, how might the Internet have different effects than other media sources?o traditional media violence and other forms of Internet exposure (hate groups and terrorism sites) o cyberbullying o sexual exploitation (pedophiles using online chat