Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 13 Essentials of Psychotherapy Definition A systemic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychologi cal principles to bear on influencing the client s thoughts feeling s or behavior o help the client overcome psychological disorders adjust to problems in living or develop as an individual System Interaction therapist s theoretical point of view interacts with the clients to deter mine how the therapist and client relate to each other Psychological principles psychotherapy is based on theory and research in areas such as personality learning motivation and emotion Thoughts feelings and behavior influences clients thoughts feelings and behavior Can be aimed at any or all of these aspects of human psychology Psychological disorders adjustment problems and personal growth Can be used with peo ple who have psychological disorders Other people seek help in adjusting to problems such as shyness weight problems or loss of a life partner Can be sued to learn more about themselves and to reach their full potential as individuals parents or creative artists History of Therapies Asylums early 18th century Originated in European monasteries First institutions meant primarily for people with psychological disorders Function was warehousing not treatment People were treated as inmates and were dealt with cruelly The living conditions made their psychological conditions worse Mental hospitals 18th century to today Function is treatment and not warehousing Due to understaffing and patient overpopulation most patients did not receive the attention they needed These conditions sometimes persist even at current times Community Care 1960 s today attempt to maintain new patients as outpatients and to serve patients who have been released from mental hospitals Today people with chronic psychological disorders live in the community not in the hospital Psychodynamic Therapies Definition a type of psychotherapy that is based on Freud s thinking and that assumes that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts Traditional Psychoanalysis Problems come from childhood conference Catharsis in psychoanalysis the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them Explored through free association Free association in psychoanalysis the uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind Transference responding to one person such as a psychoanalyst in a way similar to how one responded to another person such as a parent in childhood Dream analysis content of dreams is determined by unconscious processes as well as by the events of the day wish fulfillment in dreams the acting out of ideas and im pulses that are repressed when one is conscious Modern Psychodynamic Approaches Briefer and less intense makes tremens available to clients who do not have the time or money for long term therapy Usually directive Suggest helpful behavior instead of fo cusing on insight alone More focus on the ego as the executive of personality and less emphasis on the id ego analyst a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized un conscious function of the id Humanist Therapies perience in the here and now Definition a form of psychotherapy that focuses on the client s subjective conscious ex Client Centered Therapy Carl Roger s Method of psychotherapy which emphasizes the creation of a warm therapeutic atmosphere that frees clients to engage in self exploration and self expression Client centered therapy is non directive An effective client centered therapist has several qualities 1 Unconditional positive regard respect for clients as human beings with unique values and goals 2 Empathy Recognition of the client s experiences and feelings Therapists view the world through the client s frame of reference by setting aside their own values and listen ing closely 3 Genuineness Openness and honesty in responding to the client Client centered therapists must be able to tolerate differentness because they believe every client is dif ferent in important ways Gestalt Therapy Fritz Perls s form of psychotherapy which attempts to integrate conflicting parts of the personality through directive methods designed o help clients perceive their whole selves Gestalt therapy assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval or rejection Therapy aims to help individuals integrate conflict ing parts of their personality Gestalt means unified whole Behavior Therapy client s problem behaviors Definition systemic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a Fear Reduction Methods Help that reduces peoples fears Methods include flooding sys tematic desensitization virtual therapy and modeling Systemic Desensitization Wolpe s method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation A gradual process in which the client learns to handle increasingly disturbing stimuli while anxiety to each one is being counter conditioned About 10 to 20 stimuli such as slides are arranged in a se quence in a hierarchy according to capacity to trigger anxiety while being relaxed Modeling A behavior therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations Relies on observational learning Clients observe and then imitate people who approach and cope with the ob jects or situations that the client fears Works as well as systemic desensitization and more rapidly in reducing fear of snakes Modeling also increases self efficacy expecta tions in coping with feared stimuli Aversive Conditioning Definition A behavior therapy technique in which undesired responses are inhibited by pairing repugnant or offensive stimuli with them Used to break bad habits such as smoking ex cessive drinking nail biting and the like Pair painful or aversive stimuli with unwanted impulses to make the impulse less appealing Ex to help control alcohol intake tastes of different alcohol beverages can be paired with drug induced nausea and vomiting or with electric shock Operant Condition Procedures The Token Economy A controlled environment in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens such as poker chips that may be exchanged for privileges Tokens are dispensed as reinforces for