25,000 genes encode proteins that control 100billion nerve cells that make 100 trillion connectionsStructural Classification of the Nervous SystemNervous System AnatomyFunctional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous SystemFunctional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous SystemFunctions of the Nervous SystemSlide 7PowerPoint PresentationNervous Tissue: Support CellsCNS NeurogliaSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Nervous Tissue: Support Cells in PNSNervous Tissue: NeuronsSlide 20Slide 21Neuron AnatomySlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Nervous Tissue: NeuronsNeuron Cell Body LocationNeuron ClassificationFunctional Classification of NeuronsNeurons: Structural ClassificationStructural Classification of NeuronsSlide 32Slide 33Neuron Structure and Function Interactions AnimationsFunctional Properties of NeuronsResting Membrane PotentialGraded PotentialNerve ImpulsesSlide 39Slide 40Slide 41Transmission of a Signal at SynapsesSlide 43Slide 44Synaptic TransmissionCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings25,000 genes encode proteins that control 100billion nerve cells that make 100 trillion connectionshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JB7jSFeVz1U&feature=plcpCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsStructural Classification of the Nervous SystemCentral nervous system (CNS)BrainSpinal cordNeuronsNeurogliaPeripheral nervous system (PNS)Nerves outside the brain and spinal cordSpinal nervesCranial nervesCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous System AnatomyCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFunctional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous SystemSensory (afferent) divisionNerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous systemMotor (efferent) divisionNerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous systemCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFunctional Classification ofthe Peripheral Nervous SystemMotor (efferent) division (continued)Two subdivisionsSomatic nervous system = voluntaryAutonomic nervous system = involuntaryCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFunctions of the Nervous SystemSensory input—gathering informationTo monitor changes occurring inside and outside the bodyChanges = stimuliIntegrationTo process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is neededCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFunctions of the Nervous SystemMotor outputA response to integrated stimuliThe response activates muscles or glandsCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: Support CellsSupport cells in the CNS are grouped together as “neuroglia”Function: to support, insulate, and protect neuronsEach bead-like structure that is strung along an axon is a single oligodendrocyte.Microglia process harmful bacteria and act as the brain's immune cellsCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCNS NeurogliaCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: Support CellsAstrocytesAbundant, star-shaped cellsBrace neuronsForm barrier between capillaries and neuronsControl the chemical environment of the brainCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: Support CellsFigure 7.3aCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: Support CellsMicrogliaSpiderlike phagocytesDispose of debris including dead brain cells and bacteriaCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: Support CellsFigure 7.3bCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: Support CellsEpendymal cellsLine cavities of the brain and spinal cordCirculate cerebrospinal fluid via beating ciliaCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: Support CellsFigure 7.3cCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: Support CellsOligodendrocytesWrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous systemProduce myelin sheathsCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: Support Cells in PNSSatellite cellsProtect neuron cell bodiesSchwann cellsForm myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous systemCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: NeuronsNeurons = nerve cellsCells specialized to transmit electrical messagesMajor regions of neuronsCell body—nucleus and metabolic center of the cellProcesses—fibers that extend from the cell bodyCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: NeuronsCell bodyNissl substanceSpecialized rough endoplasmic reticulumNeurofibrils Intermediate cytoskeleton Maintains cell shapeCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: NeuronsFigure 7.4Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNeuron AnatomyCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: NeuronsCell bodyNucleusLarge nucleolusProcesses outside the cell bodyDendrites—conduct impulses toward the cell bodyAxons—conduct impulses away from the cell bodyCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: NeuronsAxons end in axonal terminalsAxonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmittersAxonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gapSynaptic cleft—gap between adjacent neuronsSynapse—junction between nervesCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: NeuronsMyelin sheath—whitish, fatty material covering axonsSchwann cells—produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll–like fashionNodes of Ranvier—gaps in myelin sheath along the axonCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNervous Tissue: NeuronsFigure 7.5Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as