cid 127 Migration trends in Western Europe Three phases 1950s early 1970s response to labor shortages cid 127 Germany Belgium France after WWII guest workers from Southern Europe and the colonies 1970s economic crisis not as much need for guest workers as in the past worker permits disappear primary migration limited family reunification migrants increase 1980s through today family reunification hasn t stopped still even asylum seekers increase significantly number of crises accelerate in 1980s and 1990s former Yugoslavia Serbs asylum crisis 1990s different ways in which they migrate cid 127 main two ways family reunification seeking asylum limited ways for economic migration change in demographic profile of post WWII immigrants before WWII cid 127 WWII era cid 127 mostly Europeans going from one country to next cid 127 many new immigrants who aren t white or Christian prevalence of Islam many from Africa colonies cid 127 many Asians cid 127 migration from former Communist countries to Western and Southern Europe cid 127 W European societies are more multicultural than they previously were immigration a controversial political topic immigration policy national policy each Western European country has its own immigration policy three approaches to incorporating immigrants in society assimilation immigrants expected to adopt practices customs and language of host country no change in government policies best example France laicite secularism the hijab and burqa controversies integration immigrants adopt some of the culture of the host country government makes policy changes to accommodate multiple cultures two way process government meets immigrants halfway the most common approach in Western Europe cid 127 multiculturalism cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 gay and thought that all the immigrants from other countries with liberal values came to Dutch and transformed Dutch society back into the governments do not require that immigrants adopt the culture of host countries a hands off government approach cid 127 multiple identities and cultures coexist in the same country best example The Netherlands in 1990s international regime on refugees policy at the European Union level policies governing refugees 1951 United Nations Convention on Refugees asylum seeker vs refugee cid 127 migration at the EU level Schengen Agreement 1995 visa free travel among its signatories Dublin convention 1997 Dublin Regulation 2003 limnits asylum seekers to one application at first point of entry Joppke cid 127 main arguments civic integration requirements becoming a new common feature of W European immigration policies obligatory civic integration courses languages civics etc before or upon arrival liberal values democracy rule of law respect for others etc imposed by coercive liberal means sanctions for non compliance tendency for national immigration policies to Dramatic policy change in the Netherlands from multicultural to integrationist 2002 Pym Fortuyn murder extreme right wing politician medieval ages Immigrants don t accept homosexuality treat women poorly result kick immigrants out assassinated on way back from radio interview 2004 Theo Van Gogh murder Vincent Van Gogh relative 1998 Newcomber integration law 600 hours of instruction then test pass visa fail no visa and no immigration loose implementation initially 2006 revision made law more draconian assassinated by someone who had been radicalized in the Muslim community of the Netherlands entry in Netherlands conditional on test success outsourcing to private organizations completion of courses necessary before entry other countries follow Dutch example French 2003 launch of program Reception and Integration Contracts CAI 1 day of civics instruction 500 hours language instruction francophone background of French migrants is an advantage revisions of the program have made enforcement more stringent even applies to spouses of French citizens and family migrants cid 127 Germany integration courses introduced in 2001 enshrined in 2004 Immigration Law least rigorous of the 3 civic integration programs non compliance denial of entry into Germany Far right parties emerged across Europe opposition to immigration French National Front cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Jean Marie Le Pen leader daughter Marine Le Pen Oui la France cid 127 Germany Republikaner German People s Union New Democratic Party UK British National Party cid 127 Greece Golden Dawn come to power coalition participants in Netherlands List Pym Fortuyn Party for Freedom Geert Wilders Austria Freedom Party Denmark Danish People Party still 3rd largest in legislature cid 127 Martin Schain goal of far right parties find electoral support conversion of voters already loyal to other parties cid 127 mobilization of new voters or abstainers no ability to retain voters party organization is necessary how cid 127 make electoral breakthrough is this enough reaction of established parties isolation cooptation form coalitions with new right wing parties change positions on the issue to keep voters impact of far right parties on policy change policy directly as coalition partners indirectly by changing the public discourse political alignments more far right parties collaborate with centrist parties the less radical they become cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127