Group Behavior 11 18 2013 Social Dilemmas Commons dilemma o Also called public goods dilemma o implications resources food fuel environmental protection pollution property land money income Cooperation vs competition Free rider problems some people will coast off of the efforts of others I ll take while others give o prisoner s dilemma diner s dilemma Motivated reasoning and self serving bias modeling others selfishly behavior How do we reduce selfish behavior Identifiability Individuation o Salience size of group Establish top down norms social influence positive role models operant conditioning o rewards incentives and altruistic punishment o money group level morality mean Gods legality and culture Intragroup Phenomena Social loafing o Diffusion of responsibility free riding o deindividuation o pluralistic ignorance o the smoke filled room similar to bystander effect Social Facilitation vs Social Inhibition o Mere exposure to others o self efficacy difficult ease of task o social impact theory o same effects in the animal kingdom ants peacocks monkeys Group polarization risky shift arousal status x immediacy x number in audience o Reinforce extreme attitudes extra info o normative and informative social influence o schematic assumptions of group behavior o having views confirmed by other people who agree feels like you are getting more information Power Leadership Myth 1 power resources cash muscles votes o Charisma character play a role Myth 2 and 3 Machiavellians maintain power view followers as at their disposal power is unidirectional o Often conditional on success o comes from bottom up support from subordinates o politeness respect honor reputation gossip all contribute to maintaining power Good leaders perceived as o Competent skilled knowledgable o decisive firm vision o consistent after decision even when wrong cognitive miser perspective heuristic for consistency and stability Political Psychology Political Socialization 11 18 2013 Ideology affiliation attitudes o Modeling learning o Genetic correlations Personal life narratives o Liberals lessons involving empathy and harm o Conservatives lessons involving authority Parenting styles attitudes o Authoritarian conservative o Permissive egalitarian liberal o Remain when controlling for General cognitive ability SES Gender and ethnicity Maternal sensitivity Change o Across the lifespan very little change o Major political events 9 11 o Moving to a different geographic location o College Change in political trust o Younger Americans more skeptical o Acquiring education and resources Apathy as a social norm 2008 election o Total American population roughly 300 million o Electorate roughly 250 million o Voter participation roughly 130 million About 60 participation consistent from 2000 and 2004 o Lower for non presidential elections US has significantly lower voting participation than most other democracies o Germany 86 o Brazil 83 o Iraq 60 Social Comparison Donkeys elephants or sheep o People vote on partisan lines regardless if it conflicts with ideology o Increased policy knowledge doesn t matter o Not a difference in addition to details o Self serving bias good estimates for others behavior inaccurate for own behavior o Democrats and republicans both do this Motivated skepticism Schematic stability once established o Biased political information processing o Arguments are evaluated as stronger weaker depending on prior attitude o Generate counter arguments o Time spent seeking other information o Attitude polarization o Solution self affirmation Motivated Reasoning Perception of ideology o Conservatives and colbert Inter Group Behavior Stereotyping and Prejudice 11 18 2013 Social affiliation Relatedness needs o Connectivity intimacy Continuity and consistency in self concept o Identity and need for uniqueness Social Identity Theory Social bonding and support with other group members Patriotism and in group pride buffer against social stigma and stress Fulfillment meaning o Self esteem BIRG Inter group Behavior Minimal group effects MGP o Bias in resource allocation o In group similarity out group dissimilarity o In group variance out group homogeneity Known as in group out group bias Extension of attribution bias and reciprocity norms o FAE and reactance retaliation Groups tend to be competitive o Opposite of heuristic for in group cohesion Prisoner s dilemma design o Deindividuation increases o Risky shift increases Why are groups competitive Trans generational norms o Observation and modeling Historical conflict o Specific groups Bias in learning o Focus on own group struggles Intergroup Competition Sherif s Robber s Cave study o Competition based on groups in boys camp o Separated based on minimal group differences o Bonding within each group separately o Conflict outside of regular organized camp activities o Reducing conflict Information fail Contact fail Caveat other research Common goals success Common enemy success o Conclusion Realistic Conflict Theory Group Schemas Stereotypes schemas based on group membership o Ethnicity location affiliation etc o Not always negative o Even low prejudice people are aware of stereotypes Origins o Learning theory and modeling o Genetics Stereotypes cognitive o Thoughts usually more conscious Prejudice affective o Feelings usually more implicit Discrimination behavioral o Results from both implicit and explicit variables Measurement Are people honest o Modern Racism Scale o 2008 election West Virginia Are they accurate Attitude measurement designs o Physiological facial muscles skin conductance etc o Bogus pipeline o IAT Shooter Bias targets White participants faster decision to shoot armed dark skinned o Also faster to NOT shoot unarmed light skinned targets Associated with stereotype knowledge not explicit prejudicial attitudes racism Implicit mental process o Distinguish skin color within 230 milliseconds White participants quicker to perceive angry hostile expression in o Again implicit but not explicit prejudice predicts this Emotion perception bias dark skinned faces difference Weapon bias More likely to falsely see a gun after dark skinned face than light skinned face o Relative to harmless objects Controlling prejudice How do we deal with implicit bias Implicit motivation to control prejudice o Recognition that you have implicit bias o Negative attitude towards being prejudiced shooter bias nullified dual process model Stereotypes and motivation Cognitive load o
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