Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex cid 127 Performed surgery on the dogs where he made a whole in their throat so that the saliva would go into a container cid 127 He would ring a bell and then give the dogs food He noticed that the dogs would salivate just upon hearing the bell This is classical conditioning cid 127 What is learning cid 127 Any relative permanent change in behavior brought by experience or practice cid 127 Every time we learn we create new synapses cid 127 There are actual changes in the brain Types of Learning Classical Conditioning Involuntary Ivan Pavlov cid 127 Russian physiologist cid 127 What was his experiment cid 127 Dog training cid 127 He was interested in dogs and how they salivated 4 Components of Classical Conditioning cid 127 Unconditioned response UCR Involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus cid 127 A reflex to the unconditioned stimulus cid 127 Unconditioned stimulus UCS cid 127 Naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response Unlearned or naturally occurring cid 127 Produces the unconditioned response cid 127 Conditioned response CR Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus cid 127 Aka Conditioned reflex cid 127 Conditioned stimulus CS Learned EX UCS Loud noise UCR Startle CS Bunny Rabbit UCS Loud Noise UCR Startle CS Bunny Rabbit CR Startle Acquisition cid 127 Stimulus that with repetition produces a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus cid 127 The repeated pairing of the CS and the UCS the organism is in the process of acquiring learning cid 127 Requirements for classical conditioning to occur cid 127 The CS must come before the UCS cid 127 The CS and UCS must come very close together in time ideally only several seconds apart cid 127 The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times often many times before conditioning can take place Taste aversion Exception because it is a form of conditioning where the UCR comes a long time after the UCS Biological preparedness The tendency of animals to learn certain associations such as taste and nausea with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of learning Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination The CS is usually some stimulus that is distinctive or stands out from other competing stimuli The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus The tendency to not respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus EX Only waking up to your alarm clock cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning Stimulus Extinction Spontaneous Recovery The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior cid 127 What is higher order conditioning cid 127 Conditioned Emotional Response cid 127 Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli cid 127 EX Fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person cid 127 CER s may lead to phobias irrational fear responses Theories of Classical Conditioning Why It Works cid 127 Stimulus Substitution cid 127 Original Theory cid 127 Cognitive perspective cid 127 Occurs because the conditioned stimulus becomes a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together cid 127 Occurs because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus Operant Conditioning The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses Voluntary Learning depends on what happens after the response the consequence EX If you study and get an A you will probably study again Thorndike s Law of Effect If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will be repeated If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence it will generally not be repeated Skinner Behaviorist that wanted to study only observable measurable behavior cid 127 Reinforcement When the consequence of an event or behavior is pleasant cid 127 Primary Reinforcer cid 127 Naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need cid 127 EX Hunger thirst or touch cid 127 Secondary Reinforcer cid 127 EX Praise tokens or gold stars cid 127 Positive reinforcement cid 127 Becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer cid 127 The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus cid 127 EX Giving chocolate to someone who does something right cid 127 Negative reinforcement cid 127 The reinforcement of a response by the removal escape from or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus cid 127 EX Having a headache taking aspirin and the headache goes away Punishment Any event or object that when following a response makes that response less likely to happen again cid 127 What are some of the problems with punishment Severe punishment may cause avoidance of the punisher instead of the behavior being punished Severe punishment may encourage lying to avoid punishment Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety Punishment by application The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus Punishment by removal The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus Not the same as negative reinforcement Table 5 3 in book shows differences cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 A Punishment by removal A Positive Reinforcement A Punishment by removal A Negative Reinforcement A punishment by application What is Shaping Extinction cid 127 Generalization Spontaneous Recovery Behavior Modification EX Getting grounded losing your freedom cid 127 What are some of the ways to make punishment more effective Punishment should immediatley follow the behavior it is meant to punish Punishment should be consistent Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired whenever possible with reinforcement of the right behavior Clicker Q Blake lied to his parents as a result his
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