PSYC221 Test 2 Study Guide 1 Attitudes and Attitude Change a Functions of attitudes intra and interpersonal i Have attitudes to help us decide among options available in the complex world ii Attitudes help when making decisions iii Used to sort things into good and bad categories b Attitude Formation i Learning theory operant conditioning 1 Rewards Punishments 2 Observations Modeling a Response becomes conditioned i Mimicking behavior of infant 1 Shape face to what the adult is doing 2 Always seeing adult with positive emotion then the child will feel those positive emotions as well ii Social comparison 1 Placebo effects 2 Observation iii Social networks 1 Relationships 2 Attitude similarity iv Mere exposure 1 Repeated prolonged exposure to stimulus 2 Person idea neutral inanimate object 3 Assumes initial neutral attitude 4 Don t have to pair with anything assuming they have a neutral attitude towards the stimulus v Implicit vs explicit attitudes 1 Implicit Association Test c Attitude behavior link it s weak why i Link is inconsistent in research behaviors tend to change with the situation one single instance is not a good predictor of attitudes ii Specificity of the behavior and relevance to the attitude 1 Attitude towards something iii Stability vs change over time 1 Time and fluctuation based on experience a Voting two months and two days before iv Reasoned action model election 1 Attitude thinking behavior 2 Planning and accessibility a Positive energy towards exercise but don t do it v Events subjective norms 1 Subjective norms a Individual s perceptions about whether significant others think he or she should or should not perform the behavior in question goes with behavioral intentions 2 Individual attitude subjective social norm a Gender differences sexual behavior in college students b Cannabis pot smoking in adolescence vi Attitude strength 1 Extremity of emotion degree of certainty vs ambivalence alcohol a Example political attitudes cigarettes and 2 Stronger attitudes are more consistent and higher linked with behavior Increasing information evidence 3 a Mere exposure increase info 4 Direct personal experiences and self interest a Examples i Nancy Reagan and stem cell research because her relative was effected d Attitude Change i Learning theory ii Balance theory textbook Heider s P O X theory 1 Theory that relationships among one person P the other person O and an attitude X may be either balanced or unbalanced a Balanced i Consistency ii Assign a positive or negative to each relationship and multiply them together to determine if the relationship is balanced or unbalanced iii Balanced facored over unbalanced states b Example i You like your psychology teacher you don t like taking exams and your psychology professor doesn t like grading exams iii Equilibrium theory 2 Social Influence a Compliance and persuasion i Learning theory 1 People value consistency and balance goes back to cognitive miser perspective with wanting things to be kept the same for simplicity iv Cognitive dissonance 1 What is cognitive dissonance a Inconsistency between attitude and behavior or a second attitude 2 Ingredients necessary for cognitive dissonance to occur 3 Two cognitions a Believe X b Publicly stated not X or publicly behaved not X 4 Unpleasant mental state 5 Necessary factors a Feeling of free choice in decision b Minimal external justification c Can t go back and change behavior reverse decision 6 Being in public is another moderating factor 7 Must be aware of discrepancy 1 Positive negative affective stimulus ii Norm of reciprocity and related techniques 1 Consistency iii Scarcity 1 Hard to get valuable heuristic iv Commitment cognitive dissonance Implications for initiation rites and hazing 1 2 Again consistency 3 Low balling 4 Effort justification v Source of message 1 Similarity familiarity likability cooperativeness no conflict of interest authority figure celebrity expertise vi Audience 1 Personality a Need for cognition strong arguments b Self consciousness self monitoring i Brand names styles celebrities 2 Motivation a Personal relevance 3 Distraction fatigue a Dilution effect ego depletion automatic processing a Moderate levels of intelligence most easily 4 Intelligence persuaded 5 Age a Young adults more open information attitudes experiences older adults most resistant vii Elaboration of Likelihood Model ELM noted in textbook 1 Similar to heuristic systematic model 2 Describe two routes to persuasion a Conscious processing i Central route or systematic processing b Automatic processing viii Resisting attitude change inoculation counter arguments i Peripheral route or heuristic processing etc b Obedience i Types of social influence power 1 Information gossip and reputation a Good deeds vs transgressions 2 Stigmatization 3 Conditioning learning a Premack principle 4 Ostracism group behavior 5 Sanctioned authority and force ii Authority 1 Threat to reputation stigma 2 Expertise charisma iii Stanley Milgram experiment 1 Milgram paid attention to Holocaust and who was charged for abusing people and acting so maliciously 2 Officers said they were just following orders weren t doing these things because they felt the hatred 3 Milgram wanted to test the idea that average Americans would either obey or disobey authorities even if they don t believe it s right 4 Each time the learner gets something wrong they will be shocked wanted to see if participant would follow order 5 Participants heard screams and cries for help and then at one point the cries and screaming stopped 6 Some people kept going because the instructor told them too 7 2 3 obeyed through highest shock level 450 volts c Conformity fully obeyed i Normative and informative social influence Asch line study ii Desire for consistency schemas for group cohesion iii Autokinetic effect 1 Perceptual error that happens when you re in a dark room and there s a small light and you perceive it to be moving around iv Variables that influence conformity a Adaptive advantage 2 Evolutionary psychologists say if you re out and think it s moving then it s a good adaptation because it could be a predator and can run 3 Light was stationary ont moving at all 4 Three people judge light movement conform gradually share findings how much it moved out loud with other people listening a People are conforming to each others answers estimates are getting closer and closer together 5 Trans generational norms a Obey social forms that came
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