Exam 1 Study Guide Defining Communication communication There are many different questions that are raised when trying to define o Is it intentional o Does it have to have correspondence to equal the message received o Does it have to be successful Correspondence the meaning of a message does the message sent have The successful issue looks as communication as a goal oriented behavior o Does it have to be ethical and or honest Theorists study lying and deceiving because although it is unethical it is a part of our everyday communication o Does it have to include symbolic actions o Does it include cognition thought and perception o Does it have to be human to human Communication theorists only study human to human communication Communication A process which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment o Process dynamic ongoing unending occurrence that tends to change over time o Symbols arbitrary labels or representation of phenomenon It is important to define communication so that we actually know what constitutes and what does not constitute communication behavior in the real world If we did not define our object of study then one could choose to study anything and claim it s communication We need some boundaries for our discipline There are three models of communication linear interactional and transactional Linear Model of Communication the creation of the message by the sender taking the pure ideas thoughts or feelings that is then sent to a receiver through a channel o Sender the person that has the ideas thoughts or feelings in their heads that they are trying to get across in some way the person with the message o Encoding the creation of the message by the sender taking the pure ideas thoughts or feelings of the sender labeling them with symbols and organizing them in some way o Channel medium through which we send out our messages how we sent the message Typically done through the five senses It is the receiver s job to figure out what the message means o Decoding the process of taking symbols and turning them back into the pure ideas thoughts and feelings of the sender o Noise anything that can interfere with the sending and receiving of a message Physical external anything that is external to the participant that interferes with the sending and receiving of messages It can be visual as well Semantic not understanding the meaning of words Psychological Are prejudices biases predispositions about the person who is talking and or what they are talking about Physiological what s going on inside your body i e tired sick Interactive Model of Communication view of communication as the sharing of meaning with feedback that links source and receiver The two way or circular model o This model of communication is like two liner models on top of each other o The interactive model introduces the concept of feedback and field of o This process suggests that communication is ongoing o A person can be either a sender or receiver in this process but they can t be both experience simultaneously o Feedback the response to the message It allows the sender to know the meaning the receiver got from the message o Field of Experience all of a communicators past experiences o This model of communication has been criticized because it assumes that two people are speaking and listening but not at the same time o It doesn t consider nonverbal communication Transactional Model of Communication view of communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages o This simultaneous communication can happen because of nonverbal communication overlap between them o In this model of communication there are fields of communication and there are o In order for correspondence to take place there must be some overlap of field of experience The more overlap the better the correspondence o Both parties are mutually responsible for the creation of meaning o An example of this would be talking over each other or seeing that someone is bored in Context environments which communication takes place 7 contexts of communication o Intrapersonal communication with yourself Role of cognition Decision making Attributions about others Attributions about self Persuasion Relationship development Relationship maintenance Relationship dissolution Power and control Attraction Self esteem the degree of positive orientation people have about them selves o Interpersonal face to face communication between people o Small group communication among at least three individuals Problem solving Leadership Communication networks communication patterns through which information flows Roles positions of group members and their relationship to the group Synergy the intersection of multiple perspectives in a small group Power Norms o Organizational communication within and among large extended environments Culture Power Morale Worker satisfaction Hierarchy an organizing principle whereby things or people are ranked one above the other Productivity o Public rhetorical public speaking and or persuasion Ethos logos and pathos Speech and text criticism Communication apprehension fear of public speaking o Mass Mediated communication to a large audience via various channels Effects on culture New media computer related technology Mass communication allows both the senders and the receivers to experience control o Intercultural Communication between and among people of different cultures Between and among cultures Co cultures groups of individuals who are part of the same larger culture but who can be classified around various identities How culture affects communication Gender Introduction to theory Theory any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon o Stephen Little John s definition o The key to this is that a theory does not have to include an explanation Taxonomy conceptual representation of categories of a phenomenon o This is an organizational system o It enables us to understand whatever the concept is better o Example Marwell and Schmidt s compliance gaining strategies These strategies are the bottom level of the taxonomy There are 16 different strategies Similar strategies are then grouped together This grouping is the taxonomy o This by our definition is considered a theory because even though there isn t an explanation there is still a conceptual representation Model a simplified representation of reality it specifies relationships between concepts there tends to be a
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