02 26 2014 02 26 2014 02 26 2014 Final Review Types of Communication Intrapersonal within self Interpersonal between with others Public audience no feedback Noise Environmental outside interference talking clapping Physiological impairment physical problem Semantic meaning of words Syntactical grammar issues inappropriate usage Organizational structured order hinders audience or speaker Cultural audience backgrounds being cognizant of different backgrounds Psychological mindset of speaker stress tired Models of Communication Linear one directional noise Interactional sends message and receiver sends feedback Transactional simultaneously process and send messages Nonverbal Communication Head nodding pointing smiling frowning Substituting replacing words with actions Complementing accompanying words with actions Conflicting performing actions that disagree with words Accenting actions that enhance and emphasize message Listening Influencers Role of speaker credibility Role of message organization Role of channel visual auditory Role of external and internal variables noise Role of time availability Gaining Compliance Interview Get others to do something you want Pregiving liking promise threat self feelings esteem debt Question and answer format Interviewer develop agenda good listener not talk too much Intervieweee ask for clarification restate question Questions o Direct explicit and requires specific response open less direct and only specifies topic closed narrows possible responses bipolar yes or no leading encourages specific answer mirror follow up probing elicit detailed response Types employment informational history Groups System characterized by interconnectedness of its parts Goal and purpose members interact Advantages input of many people from different backgrounds challenge ideas before putting them in action greater commitment decisions are less conservative and maintain more risk Group Operations Disadvantages decision making takes longer give up individuality groupthink people blindly commit themselves preventing groupthink by recognizing problem and relieving pressure to conform social loafing members work less than individual Work teams study groups support groups committees focus groups family public meetings town meetings Forming membership comes together Norming people in group establish rules and procedures get to know other members norms rules by which group will operate Storming conflicts arise power stuggle issues with rules personality conflicts shows underlying problems Conforming work through storming and work toward mission Performing action stage members work toward goals know each other Adjourning end of group Voting Consensus everyone must agree Majority vote more than half of the votes excluding those who abstain Plurality most Part of the whole specific number required Roles in Groups Leaders elected appointed volunteer emerge Leadership ability to influence others opinions and actions Participants responsibilities knowledgable research equal dominance work toward compromise don t take things personally active communication set aside prejudices Culture and impact on groups how people think apply forms of reasoning make decisions o Men argumentative advocate controversial positions o Women view verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness as strategies of dominance All members responsible Challenges of people dominating discussion don t take rejection personally set aside preconceived notions Group maintenance Treat with respect maintain positive attitude encourage others pay attention to nonverbal messages active roles Performing Task Roles Make sure group accomplishes goals o Initiate ideas encourage different ideas use reasoning stay open be aware of hidden agendas time constraints Manipulative Group Members Buttering up guilt repetition selective memory bullying Don t placate person take high road convert disruption to contribution confront person separate self Leadership Power Legitimate inspire sense of responsibility in followers Reward provide things they desire Coercive taking away rewards or punishing Expert provide info and advice Referent provide with self efficacy Types of Leaders Preparing a Speech Autocratic dominates and directs according to personal goals Participatory leader facilitates group according to group goals Free rein nondirective empowers group to do their own thing Decide on topic Formulate statement of central idea Collect research that develops statement Finalize statement Formulate and organize body of presentation Prepare necessary aids Develop an introduction that previews and a conclusion that summarizes Polish introduction and conclusion Parameters of Public Speaking Participants speaker members of audience Setting where speech is given time limits when it is given attitude Ethical Public Speakers Purpose of communication speaker s expected intended outcomes Does not present audience with false info or half truths Employs message free from coercion Gives credit to the source of info Shows respect for human dignity Plagiarism speaker uses ideas and words of others as his or her own Fabrication making up or guessing info and making it appear true Demographics listeners characteristic based on descriptions and without giving credit Audience analysis backgrounds Psychographics attitudes beliefs predispositions listeners bring to event political affilitation Rhetographics place time limit time of day emotional climate Considerations for Speech Choosing topic Language Statement of central idea goal of speech statement of topic method or process used to develop speech Speech Analysis During speech analyze feedback Obama heckler After speech question and answer Modes of Presentation Impromptu Extemporaneous some time to prepare not word for word Manuscript Developing Messages Personal experience Personal observations Learning acquired through school Sources of Information Primary Secondary Books mags newspaper journal indexes wikis Supporting Material Clarify point someone is making or offer evidence or argument Simple unexpected concrete credible emotional story based Exposition gives listeners background information to understand Statistics collection of numerical info arranged as representations Statistical surveying asking questions of a representative sample being made specific instances material being presented trends or theories for larger translation Analogy clarify example by comparing concepts Testimony
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