SYO 3100 Final Exam Review Ch 10 Entering Parenthood Only five states allow adopted people to look at or receive a copy of their original birth certificate It can be said of infertility that it can be an acute life crisis it is often unanticipated and unexplained it is especially difficult for women Women from the United States may seek infertility treatments in all of the countries Romania South Africa Israel EXCEPT Germany Approximately 3 8 million women in the United States never want to have children About 34 of lesbian and 22 of gay households contain at least one child The country with the pronatal policy of giving families generous allowances tax incentives housing payments and large family discounts on public transportation household goods and leisure items to families with three or more children was France An effect of China s antinatalist policy has been assigning a yearly quota of numbers of births allowed in provinces and cities The overwhelming motivation for the medicalization of childbirth is to cut down on or eliminate the mother s pain during childbirth One of the major changes in the process of childbirth in the United States in the last 30 years is the presence of fathers at the birth of their children the number of caesarian sections that are performed and the advent of natural childbirth About 90 of fathers are present at the birth of their children in the U S today Having children was less likely to contribute to a happy marriage than was faithfulness shared interests and an adequate income Germany has created drop boxes where mothers who do not want their children can drop them off anonymously and not be prosecuted for leaving them there It wasn t until the 1920s that mothers could fully expect to have the primary responsibility of raising their children to adulthood The renewed interest in fathering occurred during the Baby Boom Research has shown the Hmong may be better parents than those parents in the U S Pronatalism indicates that children are a blessing and childlessness is a curse With the ability to procreate with help being possible pronatalism intensifies The correct percentage is 6 of women who never want to have children In Wisconsin a man was barred from having any more children because he would not pay child support for the children he already had There is no difference between children raised in homosexual families and those raised in heterosexual families It is estimated that by 2040 China will have a greater percent of its population that is older than that of the United States Today about 99 of births take place in the hospital in the United States Today women in Peru are given monetary and other incentives to be sterilized in order to cut Few transitions are more life altering than the one of going from nonparent to becoming a down on the booming birthrate parent As pictured in your text the woman in Albania lying in a hospital bed shows the actuality that births in parts of the world can still be dangerous Children represent a substantial drain on time energy privacy and money Parenting has become more private and less of a community obligation According to the World Health Organization breastfeeding is now the worldwide norm Fathers had the main child rearing duties until the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century BB readings The Joys of Parenthood Reconsidered and Children Having Children Ch 11 Childhood and Adolescence Social constructs do influence the perception of what childhood is and how long it last but they are not the only variables Childhood labor was common until the late 19th century During the late 18th and early 19th century the famous French philosopher Rousseau was the first to promote the idea of children as sacred noble and innocent Preschool children are expelled at a rate 3 times that of elementary through high school aged According to the text the notion of a child being an economic asset to the family went by the children wayside in the mid 20th century Economists estimate that children do about 11 of the household labor According to the text children have been exploited and have become child soldiers in all of the following countries Columbia Iraq Sudan except Bosnia Parents in Russia Nigeria and Haiti all feel that children should be beaten frequently to teach them respect Unlike the majority of adults in China Japan and Iceland who believe that children should be taught to be independent Portugal DOESN T Childrearing practices of parents are influenced by child spacing birth of older siblings and the neighborhood however it is NOT influenced by peer pressure from children s friends Despite cultural differences the relationship between social class standing and socialization of values exists in Western European societies such as Germany in non Western societies like Japan and in formerly noncapitalist countries such as Poland Latino and African American parents monitor and supervise their children s activities more closely than do white parents Only 26 of children between the ages of 3 and 5 years were cared for only by a parent and not in some form of childcare In 2000 about 454 million was spent on after school care In 2005 about 47 of seniors reported having sexual intercourse Notions of parenting have changed over time The notion that childhood was a distinct phase of life did not occur until as late as the 17th century before this period children were thought of as miniature adults In 17th century Europe it was considered natural for adults to play sexually with children Until the late 1700s and early 1800s children were thought to be evil it was believed that they should be beaten frequently to get rid of the evil In states like Ohio and Virginia parents can be held responsible for the acts of their minor children The principal dilemma of childrearing today is the balance of protecting children from harm from outside sources while at the same time preparing them for the larger world In middle and upper class families pressures to perform and succeed often from parents themselves can rob childhood of its anxiety free state It is estimated that more than one quarter of a million children have been exploited as child soldiers in recent years When parents have a second child they often notice how different their approach to child rearing is compared to their approach with the first child As families climb the social ladder children may feel a greater sense of entitlement Poor children are more likely to