Chapter 11 1 Know the ethics of public speaking An ethical speaker takes his or her audience into consideration An ethical public speaker o Does not knowingly expose an audience to falsehoods or half truths that may cause significant harm o Does not premeditatedly alter the truth o Presents the truth as she or he understands it o Raises the listener s level of expertise by supplying necessary facts definitions descriptions and substantiating information o See if need the rest Two specific areas of ethical concern in public speaking are plagiarism and fabrication Plagiarism occurs when a speaker uses the ides and words or others as his or her own without giving credit to the originator of the material It can be as seemingly innocent as overhearing someone s ideas of a solution to a problem presenting that idea in your speech and not giving credit to the originator of the idea Or the speaker can copy an entire essay someone else prepared and present it as a speech with no reference to the source o All plagiarism intentional or unintentional is stealing Someone else has done the work you are taking credit for it That is NOT ethical Fabrication is making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true If research doesn t revel the desired statistics you need for proving a point of a speech you shouldn t just make them up Telling half truths because you haven t completed your work or you didn t have enough time for proper research is no excuse for making up information Fabrication is lying and lying is unethical Chapter 12 1 Know different types of sources and what makes a source credible Different type of sources o Books o Magazines o Newspapers o Journals o Indexes o Wikis o Government publications o Special interest group publications o Nonprint media o Interviews o Computer searches What makes a source credible 2 Know the criteria for a credible Internet source 3 Know different types of supporting material and how to present it Supporting speech material should clarify a point you are making in the speech or offer evidence of the validity of the argument presented different types of supporting material o Stories are the most interesting form of supporting material Humans connect with each other through the stories they tell Speakers who use stories tend to be perceived as being more engaging They may be hypothetical of factual They can be powerful tools of persuasion Stories are illustrations devices for explanation clarification and attracting attention They are not generally intended to offer proof o Specific instances are condensed examples that are used to clarify or prove a point o Exposition gives listeners the necessary background information so that they can understand the material being presented Listeners may need a bridge between the speaker and the topic to understand why the speaker is discussing the subject or to establish the speaker s expertise o Statistics any collection of numerical information arranged as representations trends or theories When statistics have been accurately collected are properly interpreted and are not out of date their use is a valid aid in reaching conclusions Statisticians have developed methods for collecting data statistical surveying that can be used with some degree of assurance that the resulting information will be correct It is important that you use or receive the latest data and not allow yourself to b influenced by information that is out of date Remember that a person can only retain a limited amount of information Thus you must help listeners by simplification of visualization o Analogies a speaker may use one to clarify a concept for listeners that is the speaker compares an unfamiliar concept to a familiar one An analogy is only effective if listeners are familiar with the object idea or theory being used as its basis A speaker also should be careful not to overextend the comparison or contrast o Testimony May be a direct quotation actual statement or a paraphrase reworded idea from an authority Speakers provide testimony to clarify ideas back up contentions and reinforce concepts A speaker may turn to this type of supporting material when it is believed that an authority is more knowledgeable than the speaker about the topic being discussed or that the opinion of an authority will make listeners more receptive to a particular idea How to present it the challenge for the speaker is to find material that supports the main point being discusses so that the listener pays attention because he or she is interested Chacterisitics that constitute most memorable material are o Simple o Unexpected o Concrete o Credible o Emotional o Story based so that the listener will be engaged as the point is developed 4 Know internal summaries signposting and forecasting Internal summaries a short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave before proceeding to the next segment o For example after spending several minutes proposing that the United States should adopt a more aggressive foreign policy the speaker could bridge out of that unit with the internal summary Our nation then needs to pursue a more vigorous definitive approach to its international relations Forecasting is a statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming o An example of a forecast is Lets now examine the three examples of how to create a secure computer password Signposting a speaker reviews where the listeners have been states where they are presently and forecast where they are going This aids the listener be recapping what has been presented and telling where the speech is going o An example of signpost is We ve seen how the effects of cholesterol could result in clogged arteries I ve just reinforced this idea by presenting information from the American Medical Association proving the theory to be correct Now lets examine what you can do to lower your cholesterol and therefore lessen your chances of having a stroke or heart attack 5 Know characteristics of a good PowerPoint presentation Effectively can provide listeners with multimedia messages stimulating their visual and auditory senses since it provides speakers with the opportunity to outline a speech create slides with or without animation import visual graphics photos video or audio clips and Internet connections A computerized presentation allows for varying the visuals through a variety of media and media techniques The inclusion of visuals
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