CHAPTER 2 Language is a system of arbitrary signals such as sounds gestures or symbols used by a nation people or distinct community to communicate thoughts and feelings A Cybernetic Process the brain functions puts forth the necessary information to communicate Input taught what it is 1 2 Storage converted to memory 3 Stimulus when u c an object similar to memory u know what it is 4 Search find it In ur brain 5 Recall think about it 6 Output what u say or do to convey object or feeling II Learning Symbols III the Concept of Meaning A Language Explosion Theory we build communication skills from the core of language we develop early in life 1 Learns most words from environment including from father and mother 2 Will have an increased vocabulary base if he is read to often B Significant Other Theory babies are exposed to parents and a circle of others As the baby grows older this circle expands and becomes larger thus having a greater impact on the child in development 1 If we respect someone they have a greater impact on us A Linguistics the study of sounds structure and rules of human language 1 Language is based on a set of symbols both verbal and non verbal 2 Languages that are alphabetically based recognize the difference between vowels and consonants 3 Languages have an ordered structure such as verbs nouns and objects 4 Words in and of themselves are not inherently meaningful B Denotative Meaning direct explicit meaning fact C Connative Meaning have and implied or suggested meaning opinion D Semantics the relationship of language and meaning A Emotitive Language Employs emotional connotative words to express the feelings attitudes and emotions of the speaker B Phatic Language only function is to perform a social task as opposed to conveying information i e greetings farewells and small talk C Cognitive Language to convey information and tends to be denotative D Rhetorical Language influences thoughts and behaviors The speaker uses connotative terms to be persuasive by using emotionally vivid pictures and drawing implications while developing logical appeals E Identifying Language naming persons or things specifically thus being able IV The Functions of Language to clarify what we are speaking about V Language Distortion A ambiguity a word with more than one meaning B Vagueness words or sentences lack clarity C Doublespeak intended or accidental purpose to mislead distort make the bad seem good or create a false verbal map of the word D Inferences when we interpret beyond available information or jump to conclusions without using all the information available VI The Language We Use Standard Dialect high prestige dialect Nonstandard Dialect Low Prestige dialect Slang denotes words that are related to a specific activity or incident and are immediately understood by members of a particular group Inarticulates are uttered sounds words or phrases that have no meaning or do not help the listener gain a clear understanding of the message CHAPTER 3 Non Verbal Communication is composed of all the messages that people exchange beyond words I Sources of Non Verbal Communication A Innate Neurological Programs are those automatic nonverbal reactions to stimuli with which we are born 1 blinkinging 2 Flinching 3 Sweating B Cultural and intercultural Behavior they are Reflective of the culture from which they were learned 1 2 gestures can change based on which language u speak even if u are bi lingual 3 Action Chain is a behavioral sequence with two or more participating organisms in which there are standard steps for reaching a goal II Emotional Influence on non verbal communication A Emotions cause peoples bodies to act in a way that cannot be controlled B Alcohol drugs can play a role in this aswell III Verbal and Non Verbal Relationships Substituting Relationship Non Verbal Message that replaces verbal Message Conflicting Relationship Verbal and Non Verbal message that contrast one another Complementing Relationship Non Verbal message that accompanies the verbal message Accenting Relationship Non Verbal message stress the verbal message IV Categories of Non Verbal Communication A Kinesics is the study of communicating through the body and its movement B Facsics study of how the face communicates C Ocalics study of the eyes D Gestics is the study of the movement of the body such as gestures which can give clues about a persons status mood cultural affiliation and self perception E Haptics is the study of the use of touch as communication F Body Synchrony the study of posture and the was a person walks and stands G Artifacts centers on the study of those things that adorn the body and send messages to others about us as well as say something about us and our selection of those items H Physical Charateristics a persons height weight and skin color communicate something about him or her to others I Attractivness we are often drawn or repulsed to or repulsed by people according to how they appear physically V Proxemics the study of how people use and perceive their social and personal space A Culture and Space B Space distances intimate distances 18 inches 1 2 Personal distqances 18 inches to 4 feet 3 Social Distances 4ft to 12ft 4 Public Distances 12ft to 25 ft C Small Group Ecology the way furniture is arranged will encourage people to act different ways VI Vocal Communication A Paravocalics the vocal effect that accompanies a word such as tone B Chronemics people handle and structure time C Olfactics study of smell D Aesthics communicate through mood color or music I The Listening Process A Steps in the process CHAPTER 4 1 Reception hearing the communication 2 Attention the focus on a specific stimulus selected from all the stimuli received at any given moment 3 Assignment of Meaning the process pf putting the stimulus into some predetermined catergory develops as we acquire our language system a culture shapes this b critical people shape this friends family peers 4 Response an intellectual or emotional reaction to the message II Purpose of Listening stimuli A Discriminative Listening we attempt to distinguish auditory and visual B Comprehension Listening the objective is to recognize and retain information in a message C Theraputic Listening requires a listener to learn when to ask questions when to stimulate further discussions and when if ever to give advice D Critical Listening listener comprehends and evaluating the message that has been received the personal appeal of the speaker
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