Lauren Fookes COMM 402 Study Guide Exam 1 Be able to identify types of logical thinking Abduction Induction and Deduction Abduction They begin to collect clues into a first suspicion or hypothesis Finding a bunch of facts to try and account for what you are looking at Looking for clues Induction This is where you generalize and summarize the evidence Use the particular data to draw a general conclusion This is the process of summarizing a whole bunch of particulars into one sentence Deduction They generate hypotheses and other implications Go from general to specific Every new hypothesis is supposed to be deduced from previous findings How do arguments relate to theory and data Theory Are arguments and offers premises for argumentation Data can test and extend the premise Must follow data Conclusions are a new theory Both theory and data should be of high quality Define Procedures Steps pre during and post taken to test hypothesis Methods Theories intellectual framework system of connected ideas Observations Impacts or effects produced by testing a hypothesis Predictions A forecast Syllogism Logical argument conclusion inferred from premises Premise Statement an argument claims that will induce justify a conclusion Falsification Must be testable Control Group Stable Collection of subjects that do not receive independent variable but should mimic the experimental group Random Assignment Controls variables that you do not control that could have effect on the outcome Comparison Group Control group Pre Tests Measures before and after to give you more ability to compare Preliminary test trial Validity More important than reliability Logically factually sound Ethos Credibility of the speaker author competence Credibility Direct More credibility always produces more persuasion ELM More credibility is irrelevant to persuasion when people are highly involved in the topic of persuasion Experimental Designs Be able to identify the general methods that would commonly be used in quantitative research qualitative research and critical research Quantitative Research Survey and research Deductive approach Start with a general rule look at the unknown more about numbers and the specific approach PREDICT AND EXPLAIN Qualitative Process Interviewing focus group participant observation Inductive approach Find what things have in common and theorize from there focus on the person and the meaning WE UNDERSTAND DEEPLY Critical Approach Archival text based analyze a text and critique it Critiquing Find what power rules have structure opinions historical and cultural information generally WE PURELY CRITIQUE In terms of argumentation quality what is the difference between two group no pretest studies and one shot case studies Two group no pretest experiments design 2 are BETTER than one shot case studies design 1 BECAUSE it allows for comparisons allow for more CONTROL and defend better good structural features One shot cases present all or nothing situations for the experiment to approve a model Comparisons are typically required for social science experiments How do researchers report their success or failure in supporting hypotheses after analyzing the results of their experiment Why is explaining whether their findings supported or refuted the hypothesis so difficult for researchers Use the null hypothesis either reject or accept Rejection good Importance of being wrong NOT BEING BIAS Must not defend model unreasonably meaning have to know when you re working too hard to defend a model Problem is to avoid falling in love with our own model EVALUATE them rather than defend them Try to invent alternative models in hopes of always being right on one account Why can several models describe the same situation Since a model has only some of the characteristics of reality it is natural to have several different models of the same thing Example Train Will have some truthful features but not all model doesn t show everything of the real world only represents part of it Therefor we can have several models of the same thing model has connotation of map formula is at the core of systematic thinking What are the four general social science models that can help us understand what causes human behavior Covered in separate chapters by Lave and March 1 Individual Choice Rational choice under risk Reaction to persuasive messages Individuals choose among alternatives make decisions and solve problems Example The selection of mates 2 Exchange Trade resources cost benefit Relationship maintenance As a special case of individual and collective choice Introduce the indifference curve and the ways in which mutually acceptable trades are made in the market etc 3 Adaptation also can be called persuasion Probability learning model Change relational attitudinal personal development Modification of behavior by individuals and collectivities in response to experience The basic model is a probability learning model taken from psychology Example applied to learning personality development socialization organizational change etc Special attention to superstitious learning and mutual adaption 4 Diffusion Spread of attitudes behaviors through society Rumors fads opinions How attitudes fashions spread through a population Spread of disease in a social structure Borrowed from epidemiology and sociology Understand the relationship between argument and method Argumentation produces methodology Types of methodology Quantitative Qualitative and Critical ALL methodologies develop theories in basically the same way USE methodology to test theory it gives you a skeleton for a successful argument Not only is a theory an argument but also the methodology is pre formed argument and a guide to good inference What are the qualities of a good theory Truth beauty aesthetic quality and justice What are the qualities of good data reliable and valid Reliable Data The consistency or repeatability of your measures the amount of confidence Weaker standard then validity Valid Data Accuracy whether or not you got the wrong answer meaning does it does a good job measuring what it is suppose to measure Authentic reliable and valid What is an operationalization How something is measured How you decide to measure a variable of interest Operationalization can be controversial because it is deciding what should be and what shouldn t be considered data Relational happiness Scale duration observers judgment Only the operational definition that matters What is