Linguistic Class Notes Post Midterm10/17Lecture 14: Morphology- Inaccessibilityo Quality that something is not able to be accessed - Rooto Principle meaning of the wordo Some core meaning of a word o Lots of morphemes  should be able to find single root - Affixes o Not a core meaning, but add to meaning- Once we find a root should be able to find other words o Same core meaning for the root o Should be able to see same meaning show upo Consistent form and consistent meaning across words - Q: What is the root in inaccessibility? A: Access- Do the affixes in the word inaccessibility have a consistent form and meaning across words?o Other words preceding a root with in ‘not’? Incapable Inadequate Inconsistent In – precedes a root and means noto Other words following a root with –able ‘able to be Xed’ Believable Reachable Inflatableo Other words following a root with –ityMediocrity SensitivityRarity EqualityScarcity-A morpheme is a pairing of sound (form) and meaning/function-So, when you compare multiple words and findo Consistent pronunciationo Consistent meaningo Across many forms then we know we have a morpheme-Divide into root and affixo ImmaturityMature= rootIm= affixIty=affixo ArgumentsArgue= rootMentS- separate morpheme (making plural) o Uncivilized UnCivilCivilizeded-How do we justify that any sequence of sounds is a morpheme?-Free Morphemeso Type 1: Grammatical/Function/Closed Class Determiners: the, a(n) some, his, etcPrepositions: in, on, with, from, etcConjunctions: and, but, orAux/Modal verbs: can, might, should, is (verbing), has o Type 2: Lexical/Context/Open Class Nouns: elbow, understanding, beauty, baseballVerbs: sing, study, breathe, knowAdjectives: happy, blue, charmingAdverbs: quickly, gladly, soon-How many function words are in the following sentence?o The clever young woman has been reading a book about her favorite subject (6)o The, has, been, a, about, her-Bound morphemeso Bound morphemes cannot stand aloneo E.g. –ed, -s, pre-, un-, -ist, -ationo Bound morphemes do not contribute the main meaning to the word (vs. the root) and are also called affixeso Prefixes come before the rooto Suffixes follow the rootLess-ing-ity-en-tiono Cirumfixes surround the rootIndonesian:-A. [lihat] [kelihatan]-‘see’ ‘thing that is visible’-B. [percaya] [kepercayaan]-‘believe’ ‘belief’Infixes break up the root-Freakin’-How to identify morphemeso Find the rooto Among the remaing pieces, find ones that get used in other wordso The addition of each affix creates a stem- which could also stand aloneas a wordo Tip: you can’t rely on spelling or number -All the words below contain same affix ‘er: falseo Painter, louder, father, helper, biggero Root in father?o Two suffixes –er, depend differently (louder/bigger) (helper/painter)-Morphology is rule governed tooo We can figure out what lexical category ‘gorf’ must be by the affixes that join it o Gorf, regorfed, a gorfer, was gorfingo We would only be able to do this if:We store a consistent form and meaning of each affixIf we have a rule determining which lexical category the affix can join-Isletao [temiban] – I wento [amiban]- you wento [temiwe]- I am goingo [mimiay] – he was goingo [tewanban]- I cameo [tewanhi] – I will come-I: [te]-You:-He:-Go:-Come:-Cats catsup-Pumped pumpkino Cato So Pumpo Ed10/24/12- The goal of linguistics is to: understand the mental representation of language as a system of human cognitiono How humans represent language in their brain o Language as one data point for figuring out about human cognition- Linguists and phonologists can work together but they are in 2 different professions: falseo Phonologists as linguists o Phonologists are linguists (one type) Study syntax (syntacticians)  Sound system (phonologist/phoneticians)- Looking at patterns - How things are articulated (building block) o Linguistics is the big thing – everything else is sub-set/aspects (doctors  cardiologist)  Mental representation of language Human cognition- From lexicon to productiono Mental grammar will have lots of pieceso Lexicon (mental dictionary of all the words you know)  morphology phonologyo Lexicon: /b^z/ V /kIs/ V/-d/ pasto Morphology: V + /-d/ = V Past pasto Phonology: /d/  [t] / [-voice] +____ - [b^zd] [Kist] past- Lexical categories you are expected to know (128-9 and glossary)o Open Class (content) Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbso Closed Class (function) Prepositions- In, of, about, for, between- Relationship words Determiners- Articles- The, a, some  Auxiliary Verbs- Would, will- Forms of to be in combination- Form of to have (has eaten) - Is singing - Can, might, should, will, shall, couldo Content and function- Frames for identifying 3 open class categories (IMPORTANT)o Identify nouns: Det. (e.g. the or a) dog or preacher or circle;- Note: some nouns cannot follow a Det. (names, pronouns, etc.) Something is a noun if you can put a determiner right in front of it (be complete)o Identify verbs: Aux. verb (e.g. can or has or is) swim, swum, swimming Co-occur with auxiliary verbs Can swim, might swim, will swim Has swum, has eaten, has tried Is can go with verb if its –ing Reading? (not a verb) o Identify adjectives: The pretty or red or silly noun Pretty woman, red ball, silly clown, happy girl The + _____ + noun = adjectiveo The lexical category/categories of ‘gold’ is/are:  Noun & adjectiveo Syntax The study of the structure of phrases and sentences- The systematic ways words combine to form phrases- The systematic ways phrases combine to form sentences o You may have thought: Languages have sounds Sounds combine to make words Words combine to make sentenceso Accurate to say: Features combine to form phonemes Phonemes combine to form morphemes Morphemes combine to form words Words combine to form phrases Phrases combine to form sentences True - Sounds are decomposable into features, etc. - Sentences are further decomposable into phrases- Hierarchically structured o Sentences – phrases (constituents) words – morphemes – phonemes- features…o The noticeably overweight tourists ate grilled shark in a thick buttery sauce.o Units within o Something going on- chunks certain words together - Speaker