HESP Exam 1 ReviewChapter 1- Communication and Communicative Disorders- Communicationo What is communication? Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavioro Factors that can disrupt communication  Length of message Familiarity of message Speaker’s speech Listener’s hearing Background noiseo What are communication disorders? Problems in communication in 3 areas- Language- Speech- Hearing Nature of communicative disorders- Formulatingo Ability to put thoughts and ideas into words or signsor symbols- Transmittingo Organizing and coordinating speech muscles r limbswith thoughts and ideas- Receivingo Ability to use our sensory systems to transmit information to the brain- Comprehensiono Decoding and understanding the message that was sent- LANGUAGE = CODE- Language disorderso Problems using or understanding the code or symbols or rules Limited number of symbols Not using symbols in correct order Not using any code Using a code no one else knows Hearing the code, not knowing what it meanso Examples of language problems ?- How do we convey language?o Speech  verbal output SPEECH IS WHAT YOU HEAR! It is the physical output of languageo Gestures  gestural output ex. Sign languageo Pictures  visual output- Speech problems o Articulation  Poor production of symbolso Voice Problems with production of sound (hoarse)o Fluency  Problems with the flow of speech (stuttering)- Hearing disorders o Need to be able to identify the presence of sound, distinguish between different sounds, perceive the sounds in rapid succession and understand the codeo Not just one type of hearing problems Turn sound up loader Can only hear certain soundso Examples ?PROFESSIONALS- speech language pathologistso speech therapists, speech clinicians, speech teacher  ALL THE SAMEo trained to identify, diagnose, treat and help to prevent communicative disorderso provide evaluation and treatment for  language disorders speech disorders swallowing disorderso must have master’s degree 2 years course work and clinical experience take national exam (praxis)  work for 9 months with supervision  clinical fellowship and a mentored practiceo nationally certified by ASHAo licensed by stateo work settings schools (public, private, special) hospitals rehab centers/skilled nursing facility long term care facility  private practice university clinicso populations served babies to elderly mild to severe impairments evaluations only treatments only specific disorder areaso CCC-SLP- Audiologistso Specialists trained in the nonmedical treatment of hearing, balance and other related ear problemso Provide some treatment: aural rehabilitation (lip reading, speech training, hearing aid orientations) o Recommend, dispense and instruct patients in using hearing aids, cochlear implants or other assistive listening deviceso Test hearing and describe hearing losso Refer to MDs for medical treatmento Must have doctorate (AuD) Credited and certified by either or both ASHA or AAA 3 years coursework, clinical experience, research 4th year paid internshipo licensed by stateo CCC-A o Work settings Hospitals MD offices (majority) usually with ENT Industry (hearing aid manufacturers)  Gov organizations (research and clinical) Schools University clinics Private practiceo Populations served Infants to elderly  Specific problems- Cochlear implants- Hearing aids- Assistive listening/aural rehab- Speech, language and hearing scientistso PhD level (~6 years)o Primarily research and teachingo May or may not be clinically certifiedo Usually have specialization areao Work settings Universities (teaching, research) Government research (NIH) Industry (hearing aid companies) Clinical/medical- Speech-language pathology assistant (SLPA)o Can be a 2 year degree or 4 yearo Usually state licensed (MD does)o Not ASHA certifiedo Requires coursework, observation hours and clinical hours Can not do evaluations Provide therapy under supervision of SLP- Audiology assistanto Not as organized as SLPA programs  Nova Southeastern in Florida – onlineo Can do technical skills Testing hearing in infants and adultso Can not interpret hearing infoo Can not dispense hearing aids- Organizationso ASHA (American Speech-language Hearing Association) Representing SLPs, audiologists, and speech-language and hearingscientists  Established a code of ethics that focuses on the importance of the welfare of the client being treated as well as the member’s responsibility to maintain professional competence, provide accurate and honest information to the public and monitor the professional standards of colleagues.  Certify both SLPs and AuDs Certify college training programs- Determine what courses are required 140,000 memberso American Academy of Audiology (AAA)o IFA (International Fluency Association) Chapter 11- Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing and Hearing DisordersChapter 12- Hearing Testing and Management of Hearing DisordersKnow structures and functions of all parts of ear listed in class Know general principles of how hearing works.- Anatomy of the ear – 3 major parts o Outer ear Pinna or auricle  part that you see (loudness) serves as a sound-gathering function and helps to funnel sounds toward the ear canal.Important for sound localization Lobule (earlobe)  External ear canal  about 1.5 inch long covered in cilia (little hairs) Cerumin (ear wax) keeps away bugs. Helps in the transmission of sound from the external environment to the middle ear. 2 sections  outer- cartilage inner- boneo Middle ear- air filled space Tympanic membrane (ear drum) not flat. Cone shaped  pliable so it moves the vibrations  Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) Eustachian tubes- connect the middle ear to the back of your throat Middle ear muscleso Inner ear Oval window- opening between middle/inner ear Semicircular canals – important for balance, movement and helping to determine the postion of our body in space Cochlea – INSIDE is important. Most important for hearing. Fluid filled space. Hard bony structure on the outside with 3 different fluid filled chambers (bony snail shell-like structure) Inner ear fluids Basilar membrane – inside of cochlea Hair