-Relationship, definition, differences between:Communication: exchange of information between sender and listenerMay be cultural or social differencesSpeech & language are part of communicationLanguageCode/symbol systemExamplesDelay in developing languageLimited vocabNot understanding what is being aidNot being able to put words together into sentenceSpeechOutputExamplesnot developing sounds correctlystructural problemspoor oral movementbrain damage to areas that control mouthfluency=forward movement of speechvoice=not able to produce soundHearingNeed to:Be aware of sound (presence or absence)Distinguish between different soundsPerceive sounds in rapid successionDifferent types of hearing loss effect different hearing skillsPROFESSIONALS IN COMMUNICATION DISORDERS-Speech language PathologistProvide evaluation and treatment for:Language disordersSpeech disordersSwallowing disordersWhere they workSchoolsHospitalsRehab centers/skilled nursing facilityLong term care facilityPrivate practicesUniversity clinicsEducationMust have master’s degree2 years of course work & clinical experiencetake national examinationMust be certified by ASHA-Audiologists (non-medical)What they dotest & treat non-medical problems of hearing acuity and perceptionrefer to MD’s for medical treatment of earRecommend, dispense, and instruct patients in using hearing aidsRecommend and instruct other assistive listening devicesRefer patients to MD’s for cochlear implants and help adjust following implantProvide treatment=aural rehabilitationEvaluate and recommend treatment for balance disordersWhere they workMD officesHospitalsIndustryGovernment organizations-research or clinicalSchoolsUniversity clinicsEducationMust have a doctorate (AuD)3 year coursework, clinical and research (4th year paid internship)take national examNationally certified by either AHA or AAA or bothLicensed by state-Speech, Language, and hearing ScientistWhat they doPrimarily research and teachingUsually have a specialization areaWhere they workUniversity (teaching, research, post Doctoral)Government researchIndustryClinicalEducationPH.D. level (aprox 6 years)-Speech Language Pathology Assistant/Audiology assistantWhat they do: SpeechCannot do evaluationsProvide therapy under supervision of SLPEducationNot ASHA certifiedSome states have licensesRequires coursework, observation hours and clinical hours-Audiologist AssistantWhat they do:Testing in hearing in adultsTesting hearing in childrenEducationNot ASHA certifiedFew training programs-American Speech-Language Hearing Association-American Academy of AudiologyCertify both SLP and AuD140,000 membersattempts to assure consumers of qualitycode of ethicsalso certifies training programs-4 Processes of SpeechRespiration (breathing)Phonation (producing voice)Resonance (shaping and refining voice sounds)Articulation (making sound into speech)-All 4 process work together to get intelligible Speech Production”-Disruption in any of them results in a SPEECH disorder-STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATIONThoraxAir tight cavity lined with membranesLinks movement of the ribs with movement of lungsLungsMajor organ of respirationPassive=just holds the airSource of speechDiaphragmSits underneath the lungsMoves as you breathDoes actual inhaling and exhalingDividing line between respiratory system and lower systemsTrachea (20 rings)Made of cartiledge, c-shapedBellow the larynxAllows air to travel to and from lungsWind pipeBronchial Tubes (Bronchus)Divides into lungsEnd of trachea, divide off into each lungPassage for air to lungsBronchiolesLittle areas that break off into lungsSmall airwaysPassage for air to lungsAlveolar sacs of alveoliExchange of oxygen from blood to air-PURPOSE OF RESPIRATIONlungs are power source for speech10% inhale, 90% exhaleincrease the speed of air to:build up pressure to make vocal cords opento make certain speech soundsrespiration is important for loudness and stress in speech-RESPIRATION DISORDERSDecreased amount of air held in lungsEmphysemaAgingPoor coordination of breath control and speech productionUsually neurologicalParkinson’sALS-STRUCTURES OF PHONATIONhyoid boneholds the larynx in placelarynx: whole structure made up of cartilages belowvalve for air to pass throughallows us to open and close vocal chordsthyroid cartilagelargest cartilage in the frontclosed in front, open in the backprotects vocal folds that attach behind its front wallcricoid cartilageskinny in front, thick in the backhold up arytenoid cartilagesarytenoid cartilageslittle cartilages sit on top of cricoid cartilagevocal chords attach to these, holds vocal foldsEpiglottisWhen you swallow it flips down to protect airway so food does not go down tracheaGlottisNot a structure, SPACESpace between open vocal foldsVocal FoldsAttach to arytenoid and cricoid cartlidgeOpening, closing, and vibrations make up sounds (phonation)-PHONATION: production of voicegeneration of sound by rapid and rhythmic opening (abduction) and closing (adduction) of vocal cordsProcessClose glottisAir pressure builds up beneath vocal foldsVocal cords close due to muscle tension and change in air pressure-DISORDERS OF PHONOATIONcaused by:damage to vocal folds (abuse or misuse)removal of vocal foldsdamage to nerves which control vocal cordshead injuryneurologicaletiology-STRUCTURES OF ARTICULATION-articulators: movable structures that help to change the shape and lenth of the vocal tractNasal CavityOral CavityPharyngeal CavityLipsTongueSoft Palate (velum)Hard PalateTeethMandibleAlveolar Ridge-Disorders of Articulationphysicaldamage to the brain or nerves that control articulatorsstrokehead injurycerebral palsyhearing impairmentbehavioraldevelopmental delaysfaulty learning-RESONANCEChanges in sound of speech based on shape ofOral cavityNasal cavityPharyngeal (throat) cavitySound changes with shape of cavityControlled by soft palate (velum)Vowel sounds2 places where resonance is importantNasal Consonants (m, n)Produced with open nasal or oral cavitiesNon-Nasal Consonants (all other consonants)Produced by cutting off oral from nasal-DISORDERS OF RESONANCECaused by:Damage to brain or nerves that control velumOpening between the oral and nasal cavities (cleft palate)Hearing impairment causes difficulty in monitoring resonanceARTICULATION (sounds & speech, output)-All consonants can be described in 3 characteristicsPlacement of ArticulationManner of ArticulationVoiced or VoicelessLOOK AT CHART ON PG 46 OF TEXTBOOK-Speech and Sound DevelopmentChildren