Alphonso 1 Ryan Alphonso Prof Bermejo COMM107 Sect 0101 24 October 2011 TEST STUDY GUIDE 1 The Human Communication Process 9 6 11 Communication Conscious and unconscious intentional and unintentional verbal and nonverbal ways in which feelings and ideas are shared Communication is Irreversible once out there it s out there Interactive you need a buddy Dynamic ever changing Continuous ever going on Contextual different depending on the system Noise Any internal or external interference in the communication process Noise is Environmental Outside interference that prevents the receiver from getting the message loud wind Physiological Impairment An actual physical problem that can block the encoding of a message being deaf Semantic Using different words than are normally used in a certain culture pop not soda Syntactical Saying words in a different order than can be understood where is the house white casa blanca in spanish Organizational point out of order Cultural When the message trying to be encoded is done poorly and without order power Differences in cultures that make one person in a culture think differently of the actions of another Arabian men kissing each other Psychological Mental blocks that prevent us from understanding a message trying to be encoded stress frustration irritation System The way you communicate with others centered on Who speaks Who can say what Where who the speaker and receiver are The way the message is sent MESSAGES ARE ENCODED BY SENDER SENT TO RECEIVER OVER A CHANNEL AND CAN BE BLOCKED BY NOISE BEFORE BEING RECEIVED Models of Communication 9 8 11 source sender encodes a message through one or more channels no feedback Alphonso 2 source encodes a message receiver gives feedback both send and receive communicators simultaneously process messages Linear Model Voicemails Commercials Dictations Interactional Model Conversation Interview Teaching Arguments Party conversations Communication Ethics Transactional Model Systematic study on what should be the grounds and principles for acceptable and unacceptable behavior Fair Fighting Steps to Get as much information as you can and attempt to adjust to the problem based on this information Keep arguments in the present tense Do not try to make the other person change things that cannot be altered Do not start a fight when it cannot be finished The setting can affect a conflict A fight can take place only if both parties participate Listen to your body Identify realistically what you need to get out of the transaction Shared value by a society Respect the integrity of ideas and concern for the listener Foundations of Verbal Communication 9 9 11 WORDS THEMSELVES DO NOT HAVE INHERENT MEANING We derive meanings for words ourselves Everyone may have different meanings The image of a thing is not the thing itself Just as words aren t the things they just represent the idea of it Concept of Meaning Denotative meaning Connotative meaning Direct and explicit meaning the dictionary definition An implied or suggested meaning can vary among cultures ethnicities etc Languages are based on a set of symbols both verbal and nonverbal Languages that are alphabetically based recognize the differences between vowels and consonants Languages have ordered structural categories such as verbs nouns and objects Words in and of themselves are not inherently meaningful Alphonso 3 Five Functions of Language Emotive Emotion I love you Phatic Cognitive Rhetorical Social task Hey how are you Information My name is Ryan Manipulation I ll do this to get that Identifying Clarification Not this that Language Distortion Ambiguity Two or more possible meanings to a word Vagueness No explicit meaning Double Speak Say one thing that means another Code Switching Can be switching between ways of communicating through different systems Different friends groups family teachers etc Nonverbal Communication 9 16 11 Verbal Nonverbal Relationship Substituting Complementing Conflicting Accenting Physical gesture instead of speech nodding WITHOUT saying yes When verbal and nonverbal support each other saying yes AND nodding When various signals don t agree saying no and nodding Similar to complementing adds something to the overall message emphasis nodding vigorously to signal MUCH agreement Kinesics Body Communication Kinesics The study of communication through the body and its movements Includes ocalics facsics gestics haptics posture walk stance artifactics and physical characteristics The study of the the face communicates Face sends information about our personality interests responsiveness and emotional states The study of the eyes Pupilometrics is the study that says pupils dilate when focused on desirable objects and contract when focused on an unpleasant one Enlarged pupils signify interest contracted reflect boredom Fascics Ocalics Gestics Alphonso 4 The study of the movements of the body such as gestures Give clues about status mood cultural affiliations and self perception Gestures are speech independent or speech related Speech independent gestures are emblems nonverbal acts that have direct verbal translation sign language Speech related are tied to speech illustrators description affect displays facial emotions regulators encourage discourage communication and adaptors show internal feelings Haptics Study of touch as communication Both gender and culture specific Can differentiate between moderate high low touch society Body Synchrony Artifactics The study of posture and the way a person walks and stands In general the way you walk and stand tell a lot about a person Centers on the study of things on the body clothes accessories etc Clothing make up glasses tattoos and other adornments can send distinct messages Proxemics How people use and perceive their personal space and the space around them Contact Nontact Cultures The study of spatial communication how people use their territory Characterized by tactile modules of communication or lack of touching Paravocalics Rate volume pitch stopping and intensity of sounds all have particular meanings Study of the vocal effects that accompany words Chronemics Olfactics Time as communication Study of smell as communication If someone smells good bad etc Aesthetics Mood and beauty as communication How things look Listening 9 19 11 The Listening Process Reception of a stimulus or message Initial step in the listening process usually more than hearing is involved Most effective way of presenting
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