Chapter 1 The Human Communication Process Communication a conscious or unconscious intentional or unintentional process in which feelings and ideas are expressed as verbal and or nonverbal messages that are sent received and comprehended This process can be accidental expressive or rhetorical Intrapersonal communication communicating with yourself Interpersonal communication communication that takes place between two or more person who establish a communicative relationship Public communication a speaker sending a message to an audience Communication is dynamic continuous irreversible interactive and contextual different environments settings Selective communication we can choose the symbol we believe best represents the idea or concept we wish to express Frame of reference perceptual screen Noise the internal or external interference in the communication process Types of noise environmental semantic physiological syntactical organizational cultural psychological feelings emotions Perceptions the way you view the world affect your interpretation of a communication stimulus Perceptual filter culture communication skills experiences physical and emotional states attitudes memory expectations Encode primary signal system decode The participants the setting the purpose and how they interact form the basis of the communication system Linear model of communication a source encodes a message and sends it to a receiver through one or more sensory channels the receiver then decodes it one directional no feedback Interactional model of communication a source encodes and sends a message to a receiver through one or more of the sensory channels the receiver decodes it and encodes feedback and send it back to the source question and answer Transactional model of communication communicators simultaneously process messages Intracultural communication interact with those you have a cultural bond with Intercultural communication interact with those you don t have a cultural bond with Ethnocentrism we consider the views and standards of our own group as much more important than any other group In group a collectivity with which an individual identifies Out group a collectivity with which an individual doesn t identify Cultural relativism no culture is superior to others Ethics systematic study of what should be the grounds and principles for acceptable and unacceptable behavior Personal ethical value system basis for your decision making and your understanding of why you will or will not take a particular stand or action it is the basis for your communication ethics Ethical communication those who respect the integrity of ideas and concerns from the listeners Chapter 2 Foundations of Verbal Language Language system of arbitrary signals such as sounds gestures or symbols used by a nation people or distinct community to communicate thoughts and feelings the system includes rules for combining its components which is referred to as grammar study of language involves study of meaning Cybernetic process the process that describes that the human cortex functions much like a computer receiving storing and processing some of these incoming signals and putting forth some of the necessary information when called on to do so Language Explosion Theory humans build language skills from a central core of influence we build communication skills from the core of language we develop early in life Significant other theory centers on the principles that our understanding of self is built by those who react to and comment on our language actions ideas beliefs and mannerisms Language Instinct Theory The Language Instinct is a book by Steven Pinker Pinker argues that humans are born with an innate capacity for language all human language shows evidence of a universal grammar Social construction of reality a book about the sociology of knowledge written by Peter L Berger and Thomas Luckmann persons and groups interacting together in a social system form over time concepts or mental representations of each other s actions and that these concepts eventually become habituated into reciprocal roles played by the actors in relation to each other Linguistics the study of sounds structure and rules of human language Denotative meaning direct explicit meanings Connotative meaning implied or suggested meaning Semantics the relationship of language and meaning Emotive language employs emotional connotative words to express the feelings attitudes and emotions of the speaker Phatic language one whose function is to perform a social task as opposed to conveying information small talk Cognitive language convey information Rhetorical language to influence thoughts and behaviors persuasive Identifying language canters on naming persons or things specifically thus being able to clarify exactly what we are speaking about Language distortion cause by ambiguity vagueness inferences or message adjustment Doublespeak a form of vagueness that is deceptive evasive or confusing Ambiguity present when a word has more than one interpretation Vagueness when words or sentences lack clarity Euphemisms the substitution of a mild indirect or vague expression for one thought to be offensive harsh or blunt ex to pass away is to die Inferences when we interpret beyond available information or jump to conclusion without using all of the information available Linguist a social scientist who studies the structure of various languages to provide concepts that describe languages Dialect a social or regional variation of a language Accent the pronunciation and intonation used by a person may cause some difficulty in understanding Standard dialects high prestige dialects Nonstandard dialects low prestige dialects Slang denotes words that are related to a specific activity or incident and immediately understood by members of a particular group Inarticulates uttered sounds words or phrases that have no meaning or do not help the listen gain a clear understanding of the message such as the phrases stuff like that Ebonics systematic grammar the frequent use of the habitual tense ex I be sick Chapter 3 Nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication composed of all those messages that people exchange beyond the words themselves Innate neurological programs those automatic nonverbal reactions to stimuli with which we are born ex we blink when we hear a loud noise Culture when we display culturally taught nonverbal behaviors they are reflective of culture that we
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