Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication messages exchanged that are not made up of words No one signal carries much meaning but factors gestures posture eye contact movement can be clustered together Congruency relationship btwn current and past patterns of behavior To acquire nonverbal signals 1 Innate Neurological Programs reflexive nonverbal reactions to stimuli that were imbedded in us at birth a Example ducking when something is being thrown at us so that we do not get hit 2 Cultural Intercultural Behavior reflective nonverbal behaviors from the culture which they were learned Imitation we imitate the language behaviors of those around us a b Action Chain behavioral sequence btwn 2 or more people where steps are taken to reach a communicative goal Verbal and Nonverbal Relationships 1 Substituting Relationship Replacing meaning for action a Example nodding your head yes instead of saying the words 2 Complementing Relationship Simultaneous saying and doing nonverbal message accompanies a verbal one a Example shaking your head no as you say the words 3 Conflicting Relationship Physical movements contradict verbal messages a Example Saying I didn t do it but turning bright red at the same time b Expectancy Violation Theory If the norm of a comm activity is violated there will be predictable outcomes i Example if a person comes to close to you when you are having a convo with them you will usually look away and break eye contact b c you feel uncomfortable 4 Accenting Relationship Employing a nonverbal message to emphasize a verbal one a Example Poking someone in the shoulder while yelling at him or her to turn around Body Communication 1 Kinesics study of communication through bodily movements a Example Communicating through gestures facial expressions and posture 2 Facsics study of how the face communicates a Depicts personality interests emotional states and responsiveness b FACS Facial Action Coding System that gives information about how to read expressions and how often people are able to read them 3 Ocalics study of the eyes the primary way to receive and send body language a Example eye contact avoidance blinking b Pupilometrics pupils dilate when focused on pleasure and contract when focused on displeasure 4 Gestics study of bodily movements such as gestures a Gives clues about a person s mood cultural affiliations and self perceptions b Speaking and gesturing together facilitate the formation of words and help retrieve words from memory c Speech independent gestures not linked to speech aka embelems i Emblem nonverbal acts that have a direct verbal translation or dictionary definition consisting of 1 or 2 words Tend to be culture specific 1 Example sign language scuba diving signals d Speech related gestures directly accompany the speaking process i Illustrators affect displays regulators and adaptors 1 Illustrators Used to sketch a path point to an object and show special relationships a Example pointing to the door as you tell someone to leave 2 Affect Displays facial gestures that show emotions feelings a Example pouting winking raising eyebrows 3 Regulators nonverbal acts that maintain control the conversational flow btwn 2 or more people a Example head nods eye movements and body shifts 4 Adaptors movements that accompany boredom show feelings or regulate a situation a Example If you are annoyed b c someone is late you might stand tapping your foot 5 Heptics the study of the use of touch as communication a Touch placing one s body part on another s body part that is done with or without permission b Touch Avoidance the degree to which an individual dislikes being touched i Message depends on how and whom the touch is from ii The way you perceive touch is based on your culture 6 Body Synchrony the study of posture the way a person walks and stands a Walk gives clues about status mood ethnic cultural affiliation and self perception 7 Artifacts study of personal items what those items say about who we and how we want to be perceived as individuals a Example jewelry clothing style makeup eye glasses b Physical Characteristics such as height weight and skin color also communicate something about us to others i Halo Effect attractive people are given credit for other qualities unrelated to looks intelligence ii Devil Effect unattractive people are given a negative evaluation Spatial Communication 1 Proxemics the study of how people use and perceive their social personal space a Culture and Space emotional states can change the closeness of space which one is comfortable with i Contact Cultures characterized by physical modes of communication ii Non Contact Cultures characterized by non tactile modes of communication 2 Space Distances By examining space distances we can see how space relates to different cultures Intimate Distance Ranges from direct physical contact to a distance of 1 5 feet away a b Personal Distance Ranges from 1 5 feet or 18 inches to 4 feet away c Social Distance Ranges from 4 to 12 feet away d Public Distance Ranges from as little as 12 feet but usually more than 20 feet 3 Small Group Ecology Physical placement of members of a small group and how the set up effects the group s behavior 1 Paravocalics vocal effects that accompany words such as tone of voice a Vocal cues the rate speed volume power pitch pause stopping stress intensity of specific words all have Vocal Communication different meanings Time As Communication 1 Chronemics how people handle and structure their time can be easily misunderstood from culture to culture a Circular Phenomenon no pressure or anxiety about the future existence only follows the cycle of the seasons b Circular Time no desire to achieve or create more than what is needed to survive no fear of death c Linear Time centered only on the future focus on factual information needed to meet requirements of the future d Technical Time precise time as in milliseconds e Formal Time the way a culture defines time and how it plays a role in one s daily life f Informal Time flexible use of time Such as soon later right away Smell as Communication performance 1 Olfactics study of smell smell is sensitive and can help us reach conclusions about our judgments on people a Scents have effects on mood stress reduction sleep enhancement self confidence and physical cognitive i Smell Blindness someone is unable to detect smells ii Smell Adaptation gradually losing distinctiveness of a particular smell through repeated contact with it iii Smell
View Full Document
Unlocking...