COMM 107 Final Exam Review Chapter 2 Denotative v Connotative meaning Denotative direct explicit meaning Connotative implied or suggested meaning Semantics the relationship of language and meaning Language Explosion Theory proposes that we build communication skills from the core of language we develop early in life adults with weak language base were not spoken to or read to on a regular basis Cybernetic Process Interpret signals and then process these signals and puts forth the necessary information Ex if person in your class holds up cylindrical piece of graphite that is yellow and an eight of an inch in diameter and asked you what it is You would say pencil Linguistics study of the sounds structure and rules of human language Emotive phatic cognitive rhetorical and identifying language Emotive employs connotative words to express the feelings attitudes and emotions of the speaker Ex a person who says a movie is riveting and gripping is using emotive language Phatic one whose function is to perform a social task Ex greetings farewells and small talk Cognitive convey information Rhetorical influence thoughts and behaviors Speaker employs words to be persuasive by using emotionally vivid pictures etc Identifying language centers on naming persons or things specifically thus being able to clarify exactly what we are speaking about Ex Ari went to the mall using Ari instead of he Slang and dialects Dialects social or regional variation of a language Dialects differ fro each other in terms of pronunciation vocabulary grammar and accent Slang denotes words that are related to a specific activity or incident and are immediately understood by members of a particular group Chapter 5 Communication Apprehension Trait v State ways to decrease Communication apprehension anxiety about communicating Trait when person experiences anxiety about communicating in all situations State when person experiences anxiety only in certain context or with a particular person Ways to decrease drug therapy practice speaking start thinking positively about the way or group you can talk Be able to define intrapersonal communication language use or thought internal to the communicator Self concept ways to improve Your idea or picture of yourself Ways to improve Pat yourself on the back recognize your self put downs Cognitive processing how we deal with information in relationship to our values attitudes and beliefs Four need drives affecting communication Survival person who is threatened scream for help rock hits windshield you duck These actions are reflexive inborn reactions that we instinctively use to communicate our fear of possible ending of our existence Pleasure seeking good part of our lives is devoted to communicating our pleasure or lack of pleasure Ex talk about awards good grades etc Security our concept of ourselves in situations of security or insecurity motivates our verbal and nonverbal communication Fear causes vocal pitch to rise body to shake etc Territoriality we interpersonally define a particular territory We act differently in different territories Role of culture on self communication accomplishments in U s culture self credentialing in some cultures emphasis is placed on drawing attention about ones being orientation to life some cultures strive being achievement oriented Attitudes toward others some societies have respect for all Others don t Chapter 6 Masculine and Feminine communication styles In some situations communicate different Women use more words to make their point Men are more competitive in their speaking Men tend to be more task oriented Women are more supportive conversationalists Men are more direct Knapp s Relationship Escalation and Termination Models Describes how at any stage of the model the participants may work toward ending their relationship Stages communication 1 differentiating stage one or both parties being aware that he or she needs to assert independence Realize we is not as important as me 2 circumscribing stage diminishment of volume and quality of inter couple 3 stagnating individuals avoid discussing relationship because they know what other will say and are scared of consequences 4 avoiding noted by the partners physically separating 5 terminating The definition benefits and drawbacks of EMC EMC electronically mediated communication Aka digital communication Common sense Chapter 15 Theory of Field Related Standards proposes that not all people reach conclusions in the same way and thus may react differently to the same evidence Group Norm Standards the general thinking of a particular group Ways to establish speaker credibility 1 competence through expertise you must demonstrate you know what you are talking about 2 Competence by authority build on someone else s knowledge quoting recognized experts 3 Charisma people with charisma are compelling and have ability to entice others 4 Character your reputation honesty People assume your of high character Logical fallacies on separate sheet Monroe s Motivated Sequence alternative persuasive structure 1 attention step 2 problem is developed 3 plan of action 4 benefits of proposed solution 5 challenge listener to take specific course of action Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs one approach to understanding need satisfaction Maslow suggests that all humans have 5 level of needs 1 physiological needs hunger sleep sex etc 2 safety needs security stability protection 3 acceptance needs need for love and belonging 4 Esteem needs involve both self esteem achievement and esteem by others reputation 5 Self actualization desire for self fulfillment or achieving greatest potential Ultimate level for people to reach Chapter 16 Common pronunciation problems 1 sloppy or incorrect articulation 2 unaware of correct pronunciation 3 vowel distortion 4 pronunciation outside normal pattern 5 those who speak American English as second language Presenting visuals in a speech 1 use visuals as an aid not as replacement for oral presentation 2 display visuals only when speaking about that particular information 3 don t block audience views of visuals 4 speak to listeners not visuals Ways to conquer public speaking anxiety 1 speaking in public is not inherently stressful must understand this beforehand 2 Don t have to be brilliant witty to succeed 3 When you speak in public nothing that bad can happen 4 You don t have to control the behavior of audience 5 Audience wants you to succeed
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