Stone Age (1,000,000) BC- Hunting and Gathering. Food Supply was provided by nature- Self awareness, a desire to control the natural environment.- Cave Paintings.- Hunting Magic. People would hope that they would successfully hunt.- Fertility Magic-Human Fertility and Animal Fertility- Based on Stone Tool TechnologyNew Stone Age (8000 BC)- Domestication of Animalso Pastoralism, Pastoralists. These people would move around and look for places to farm.- Domestication of Plantso Agriculture, Agriculturalists.o Near East: Fertile Crescento Mesopotamia: Tigris and Euphrates Rivero Egypt: Nile River- Agricultureo Cultural Diffusion/Independent Development around the world. The development was spread from one group to another.o Results of Agriculture Sedentary Life. People were allowed to stay in one place Expandable food supply, creation of food, wealth. Expansion of Population. Villages started appearing. Mobilization of Labor Force, Social Organizations. Downsides: Less variable diet, diseases, soil exhaustion.- Things begin to drastically change in the Fertile Crescent area, especially near the river deltas.o Population increases.o Villages turn into cities, which leads to urbanization.Civilization (3000 BC)o Urbanization-Citieso Agricultural Economyo Large Populationo Specialization of the Labor Force (Farming is the main basis)o Writingo Metal Technology Only a small part of places became civilized Bronze (85% Copper 15% Tin)- First Period of Civilizationo Bronze Age (3000 BC-1200BC) River Valleys, especially big ones Agricultural Economy Large Populations Occurred in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, ChinaMesopotamia- Sumeria- Consisted of 10-15 city states with about 50,000 people in each state.o They were independent.o Disunified. Each state was its own country.o Temple States with a primary focus on religion.o Each had a Ziggurat. It was at the center of each state and the god stayed at the top to protect the state. Only priests were allowed to go to the top and see the God.o Cuneiform Writing Each syllable had its own symbol. Wrote on Clay Cuneiform Flood Story about God warning a man of a flood.o Political Disunity, Cultural Unityo Social Structure The God Priest-King (Ruled as a representative of the God) Nobles-Priests Soldiers Specialized Workers Peasant Farmers Slaves (Slaves were a valid member of society)- Sumerian Religiono Do God’s work. Gods are arbitrary. People had been created by the gods just to do gods work.o Pessimism: They expected that bad stuff was going to happen. Floods, being attacked, etc. o View of afterlife: After you died, you would go down to this dark cave, be dressed in feathers, and eat dirt. o Creation of Order: Neurotic, Compulsiveo Anthropomorphic Deities (Gods)-Gods looked just like people. An-60. God of Outerspace Enlil-50. Storm God Enki-40. Water God Nanna or Sin-30. Moon God Utu or Shamash-20. Sun God Inanna or Ishtar-15. Fertility Godo Ikenography- symbols are used to identify things. Conventions in artwork show what something means because people can’t read.o Votive Statues and cult objects placed in temple to make sure that the God would be looking after you.- Pastoralistso They lived between the Syrian and Arabian Desertso Commonly known as the Semitic People.o They would interact in various ways with the people who lived in the river valley.o Could only get things that they didn’t have by either doing “raid or trade” with the people of the river valleys.o Cultural assimilation occurred when these pastoralists interacted with those in the river valley.o Spread of Civilization Agriculture Sumerian Writing Systemo Cycles of invasion followed by cultural assimilation. When one group becomes assimilated, they could also be invaded by another group of new people.o Semitic Peoples Akkadians- Became civilized. Took up agriculture- Sargon of Akkad (2350 BC) concurred the other Sumerian cities and established the Akkadian Empire.- This is known as the 1st Near Eastern Empire.o An empire is formed when group of people establishes itself over another group of people usually through military force. Can also be formed through the spread of cultural values.o Most empires were not successful because they used to much force, etc.- Sargon dies and his empire disintegrates. - Mesopotamia returns to its normal state of disunity. More invasions start to occur by the Semitic Peoples.o Amorites (2000 BC) Assyrians Babylonians- Cultural Assimilationo Sumerian Writingo Marduk (Enlil).- Hammurabi (1750 BC)- “Old Babylonian Empire (1750-1650). This is the 2nd Near Eastern Empire.- Established using a mixture of diplomacy and military force.o Hammurabi creates unity from disunityo Standard Weights (talent, mina, shekel). These were used in market places. Talent= 60 pounds. 60 minas in a talent and 60 shekels in a mina.o Astronomy: 360 days per year. Babylonians wereknown for astronomy.o Law Code known as Hammurabi’s Code. Everyone under the empire had to follow all of these laws. Hammurabi received the code from Shamash. Kings always ruled as representatives of the Gods. Created the code so that the strong would not harm the weak. Nobles, free persons, and slaves had rights under the law. Dealt with prices, property, business, and marriage. Prisons did not exist. Many of the punishments given to people were death. The empire collapsed after Hammurabi died. Mesopotamia went back to its old condition of invasion and disunity.o Indo-European Peoples (North) Spoke versions of the same language  They went to Greece, Hittites moved to Turkey, and Aryans moved into Iran in 2000 BC.- A group known as the Kassites moved into Mesopotamia in 1550 BC.- They assimilated very quickly. The only thing that they kept is their names.Egypt- Many Similarities and Differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia.o Mesopotamians constantly feared of being invaded or attacked.o Egypt is isolated and is secure from invasions.o People in Egypt had an optimistic view. Predictable Floods, Fertile Lands. Isolation, security from invasion. Reflected in religion: Gods will look after them.- Bronze Age occurred during 3000BC.- Divided into Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt.o The Sahara Desert surrounds Upper Egypt. - Named the “Two Lands” or the “Black Lands” because of very rich soil.o Egypt had the richest soil in the Ancient World.- The Nile would flood