Rome’s Neighbors- Indo-Europeans (2000BC)- Etruscans (800BC)o Northwestern part of Italyo Early expansiono Right next to Romeo Known for their metalworko Enjoyed the Good Life: Etruscan banqueto After you die, you would have a good after life.o The dark side of dead: Tuchulcha, demon of infernal tortures Underworld tortures Human sacrifice- Great Greece (750BC)o Greek Theatero Brought coinage to Italy- Italianso Samnites Good Fighters- CeltsEarly Rome- Foundation Legendso Aeneas, Romulus, Remus Romulus and Remus decide to find the city of Rome Romulus kills Remus and creates the city of Rome Troy getting destroyed-Greek versiono Founding of Rome, April 21, 753 BC- Archaeologyo Post Holes on Palatine Hillo Reconstructed what early Rome looked likeo 750BCRome of the Kings (753-509BC)- Social Structure: Citizens and Slaves- Conservatism o How would have ancestors done it- Duty and Responsibilityo Duties for everybody- Favors, Patrons and Clientso If you did a favor for a Roman, that Roman was in your debt.o You would make people your clients- Family Structureo Paterfamilias (Father of the family) They have life and death authority over the family Tradition kept them from going around and killing other families. It wasn’t something that their ancestors would doo Emancipation, role of women, Vestal Virgins When a women was married, she had the choice to either stay under the authority of her father or her husband. Vestal Virgins had to make sure the sacred fire didn’t go out.- Chosen when you were 6 and remain for 30 years- Could return to private life after 30 yearso Etruscan Kings: Civilization (600BC) Began to expand southward into Rome Chaca Maxima (Big Sewer) Brought the alphabeto Tarquin the Proud Last Etruscan King Expulsion of Kings (509BC)- Romans kicked out the Kings because the son of Tarquin raped a Roman.Roman Republic (509-27BC)- Consuls (No more Kings)o Elected for only 1 yearo Only a Patrician could be a consul- Two classes of citizenso Patricians= Aristocrats (wealthy, landowners), original ruling class Monopolize Privilege- Most of wealth, in army, in office, know lawso Plebeians= Other Free Romans- Senate (Bunch of Old Men): where real decisions are madeo Senators=Patricians - Conflict of the Orders (500-367BC)o Plebeians tried to get more rights None violent They would have to get organized in order to get respecto Secession If they didn’t get rights, they wanted to setup their own countryo New Ruling Class Senators=Patricians + Wealthy Important Plebeians Very stable form of government- Rome on the Defensiveo Developed a paranoid fear of strong neighborso Etruscans attempted to re-conquer Rome Army retreated as a result of a burning hand Romano Celts=Gauls They were farmers and would raid other people Considered to be Barbarians Roman art was standardized and structured while Celtic art was individualistic and abstract Greek/Roman warfare was organized and disciplined while Celtic warfare was undisciplined and individualistic.- Enthusiastic about their fighting.- Celtic charge had no lines or ranks Greeks and Romans liked their Celts dead. Romans paid off the Celtso Sack of Rome (390BC) Get attacked by Celts from Northern Italy Rome is sacked and occupied by the Celts Romans can change- They build a wall around the city to protect them from future attacks Developed a fear of Strong Neighbors- Created a military policy known as defensive aggression- All Those Warso Often caused by fear of strong neighbors or requests for helpo Conquest of Italy (350-270BC) Italians-Samnite Wars (343-290BC)- Warlike Peoples- Fought 3 wars against them- Romans lost most of the battles but still won the war because they could take a greater loss Three Battles against Pyrrhus- Pyrrhus was the best general in Greece- Pyrrhus brought in war elephants to use in the battles- Greeks won first battle- Greeks won the second battle- Greeks won the third battle but they had great losses and Pyrrhus went back to Greece.o Italian Alliance (270 BC) Military manpower resources- Other places governed themselves but had to provide Romans with soldiers.- 250,000-500,000 soldiers Wars against Carthage (264-201BC)- Carthage was basically an empireo Controlled North Africa, Spain, Asia Minor- First Punic War (264-241) in Sicilyo Romans won because they were willing to take greater losses- Second Punic War (218-201)o Big showdown between Rome and Carthageo Rome’s most difficult war in all of Roman historyo Hannibal was one of the top generals in history He proposes to invade Italy Had to cross the Alps (218BC) Had a strategy of surrounding the bigger armyo Romans lost 100,000 soldiers within the course of 3 battles- Won the war because they took greater losses Acquisition of foreign provinces- Took Carthage’s overseas possessions such as Spain andItaly- They did not occupy Carthage Wars in the East (200-146BC)- Macedonia (Antigonids)- Selecuids (Syria)- Becomes only power left in the Mediterranean - The Republican Empire (after 130BC)o Problems How to administer provinces Army recruitment: Property owning requirement- Marius and the Volunteer Army (107BC)- Loyal to generalso General had to pay and reward the army Ambitious Senators: Put their own interests first- Sulla (88BC)o Military Commander in Asia minoro Can appeal to his soldierso Uses his army against the Roman government in order to seize power- Age of Generalso Slave Revoltso Civil Wars- The Fall of the Roman Republico Slave Revolts Spartacus (73-71BC)- Leads a revolt with thousands of slaves. Slaves are being bought by Senators who have a lot of land Crucifixion of defeated slaveso Civil Wars Caesar and Pompey (49-45BC)- Dictator for Lifeo Caesar made this office and made himself a dictator for life which is illegal- Conspiracy of Brutus and Cassius- Caesar wins the Civil War Ides of March (March 15, 44BC)- Caesar was stabbed by senators and killed.- Brutus issued coins to commemorate the assassination of Caesar.- Caesar became the God Juliuso The people loved Caesar Octavian, Antony, and Cleopatra (43-31BC)- More civil wars: Loyalty of Caesar’s army- Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son)o Made claim to Caesar’s army and the troops wentover to him- Antony (Caesar’s best general)o Some of Caesar’s troops went over to him- Octavian and Antony divide the worldo Octavian got Western