Encoding Conversion of info into a form that is usable in the brain s storage system Storage Holding onto info for some period of time Retrieval Getting info that is in storage into a form that can be used Memory and Its Processes Memory Receives info from the senses cid 127 Organizes alters and stores that info Retrieves the info from storage Processes of Memory Models of Memory Information Processing Model cid 127 Model of memory Levels of Processing Model Info more deeply processed Assumes that the processing of info for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of 3 stages Includes sensory memory short term memory and long term memory Processed according to meaning rather than sound or physical characteristics Info will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time when processed this way Clicker Q The model of memory that includes sensory memory short term memory and long term memory A Information Processing Model Sensory Memory First stage of memory Info enters the nervous system through the sensory systems Iconic Memory Visual sensory memory lasting only a fraction of a second Capacity Everything that can be seen at one time unlimited Eidetic Memory The ability to access a visual memory for thirty seconds or more This is VERY rare Echoic Memory The brief memory of something a person has just heard Capacity Limited to what can be heard at any one moment and smaller than the capacity of iconic memory Duration Lasts longer than iconic About 2 4 seconds Clicker Q Without trying John can remember explicit details about a picture he saw minutes after he saw it This is a prime example of iconic memory that applies to most people True or False A False Short Term Memory STM Info is held for brief periods of time while being used Once its gone it will not come back Selective Attention The ability to focus on only one stimulus out of all other sensory input Digit Span Test Memory test in which a series of numbers is read and the subjects then recall the numbers in order Clicker Q Lisa spent most of last night studying for her exam first thing this morning This info she is learning is being stored in her Magical Number 7 or 2 In actuality 4 or 1 Chunking Bits of info that are combined into meaningful units or chunks Lump things together instead of thinking of them separately cid 127 Maintenance Rehearsal A Short Term Memory Working Memory Ability to hold and manipulate info in a short term storage system Size Judgment span task Short Term is about how much you can store while working memory is how much you can pay attention to and how much you can manipulate that info cid 127 Working memory and short term memory are NOT the same thing exam question cid 127 Working memory is much more complex Long Term Memory LTM The system of memory into which all the info is placed to be kept more or less permanently cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Elaborative Rehearsal A method of transferring info from STM to LTM by making that info meaningful in some way Procedural Memory Implicit Memory or Non Declarative Memory cid 127 Memory for skills habits and conditioned responses EX Tying your shoe or doing a particular dance These memories are not conscious but their existence is implied because they affect conscious behavior Anterograde Amnesia Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward the inability to form new long term memories after the injury or trauma Declarative Memory Explicit Memory Type of long term memory containing info that is conscious and known Memory for facts Episodic Memory Events experienced by a person Type of declarative memory containing personal info not readily available to others such as daily activities and events Semantic Memory Facts general knowledge Type of declarative memory containing general knowledge such as knowledge of language and info learned in formal education Amnesia Alzheimer s Disease Retrograde Amnesia Loss of memory from the point of some injury trauma backwards loss of memory for the past cid 127 What is lost depends on the extent of the injury or trauma could be an hour before the incident or your entire life before the incident Anterograde Amnesia Loss of memory from the point of injury trauma forwards inability to form new long term memories Primarily causes anterograde amnesia although retrograde amnesia can occur as the disease progresses Clicker Q Steve was in a car accident 5 years ago He can remember all of his life before the accident but he cannot form new memories of his life or for facts He can still learn to complete the tower of Hanoi task Steve is experiencing what type of amnesia and still has what type of memory intact A Anterograde amnesia and procedural memory Cues to Help Remember Retrieval Cue A stimulus for remembering Testing Memory There are two main ways in which we test memory Free Recall Cued Recall Retrieval Failure Recall has failed at least temporarily Tip of the tongue phenomenon body of information Primary Effect Remember info at the beginning better Recency Effect Remember info at the end better Recall The info to be retrieved must be pulled from memory with very few external cues EX Writing an essay or short answer question on a test Serial Position Effect Tendency of info at the beginning and end of a body of info to be remembered more accurately than the info in the middle of the Recognition The ability to match a piece of info or a stimulus to a stored image or fact EX Multiple Choice or Matching on a test False Positive Error of recognition in which people think they may recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory Eyewitness Testimony Not always reliable Encoding cid 127 What people see and hear about an event after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of their memories of that event EX Girl that ran across the stage in class Later on we were asked questions about the person and some of us described incorrect details about the girl Automatic Encoding Tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long term memory with little or no effort of encoding Flashbulb Memories Type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional association for the person remembering it EX Significant and emotional events witnessing 9 11 someone being hit by a car
View Full Document
Unlocking...