COMM107 Midterm Review 03 09 2013 Chapter 1 Components of the human communication process o The communication process can be Accidental having no intent Expressive resulting from the emotional state of the person Rhetorical resulting from specific goals of the communicator o Selective communication choose the symbol we believe best represents the idea or concept we wish to express Combine sounds into complicated sentences o Communication is Dynamic Continuous Irreversible Interactive Contextual o Communicator Perceptions Your perceptions affect your interpretation of a communication stimulus Communicator perceptions are influenced by Culture the background worldview you hold Communication skills developed from experience training Physical and emotional states how you feel at this particular time Types of noise o Environmental noise outside interference that prevents the receiver from gaining the message muffles conversation When you are in the kitchen running water is environmental noise o Physiological impairment noise block the effective sending or receiving of a message People who are deaf or blind do not have specific sensory capabilities o Semantic noise problems may arise regarding the meaning of words Language that is common only to one specific group a particular part of a country another nation a particular field profession or organization Examples Travelers frequently come across these problems Experts forget people are not familiar with their language o Syntactic noise o Organization noise source fails to realize that certain ideas are best grasped inappropriate grammar usage when presented in a structured order o Cultural noise preconceived unyielding attitudes derived from a group or society about how members of that culture should act or in what they should or should not believe o Psychological noise receive messages ineffectively o Linear Linear Interactional and transactional models of communication stress frustration or irritation causes us to send or Evolved from ancient Greek and Roman rhetoricians Stress the role of the orator the public speaker One directional view of communication a person performs specific actions in a specific sequence during a speech and elicits specific desired responses from listeners Linear Model A source encodes a message and sends it to a receiver trough one or more sensory channels The receiver then receives to the message on a CD provided by the manufacturer The CD explains how to download the operating system When you follow directions and the computer boots up and operates the communication has been successful Examples advertisers public speakers appearing on television people leaving messages on answering machines o Interactional communication Greater interaction to demonstrate the dynamic ongoing nature of A source encodes and sends a message to a receiver through one or more of the sensory channels The receiver receives and decodes the message Based on the original message sent and the feedback received the source encodes a new message that adjusts to the feedback Example Please hand me the book Which one feedback The red one on the top of the pile adaptation o Transactional Communicators simultaneously process messages Communicator A encodes a message and sends it Communicator B then encodes feedback and sends it to A who Steps are not mutually exclusive encoding and decoding may occur decodes it simultaneously Multidirectional Example Miguele says I love you WHILE Miguele sees Latica walk away as he is speaking WHILE Latica walks away from Miguele WHILE Miguele stops turns frowns and says I m not sure you mean Ethnocentrism that than any out groups o Largely shaped around culture o We consider the views standards of our own in group as more important Think it is ridiculous that others wear certain clothes turbans What other cultures eat snakes Chapter 2 Denotative and connotative meanings o Denotative Direct explicit meaning for when we want to categorize them Example dog means four legged furry animal a canine Examples good pretty nice Difficult for people to agree on exactly what these words mean o Connotative Cybernetic process o Cortex stores computes and eventually processes some of these incoming signals puts forth the necessary information o Functions similar to a computer Language explosion and significant other theories how we learn and acquire language o Language explosion Proposes that we build communication skills from the core of language we develop early in life o Significant Other Theory At certain ages in our lives we start selecting specific people or groups whose language ideals and beliefs were allow to influence us Social psychologists contend that we have no identity whatsoever except in relationship to others Centers on the principle that our understanding of self is built by those who react o and comment on our language actions ideas beliefs and mannerisms If you respect someone you are likely to adjust your behavior and your messages to derive the most encouraging evaluation from that person Language distortion o Interferences o Message adjustment o Ambiguity o Vagueness Structure Chapter 3 Nonverbal communication o All those messages that people exchange beyond the words themselves o Body talk o Gesture posture eye contat clothing styles movement o Considerations in Interpretation Background Past patterns of behavior Culture Context o Culture Reflective of the culture from which they were learned Effects what is expressed and how it is expressed Every culture has its own body language Learned and persistent patterns Kinesics and all different types e g fascics ocalics etc o Kinesics the study of communication through the body and its movements o Facsics face Communicate anger or fear Show interest in the conversation o Ocalics eyes Primary way you receive and send body language Eyes are an extension of the brain Eye contact eye avoidance eye blinks all convey meaning Pupilometrics eyes dilate when someone is looking at something desirable contract when they are viewing something unpleasant Culture o Gestics movement perception when we talk Gestures can hint at a person s status mood cultural affiliations self Speech and gestures function together and help us formulate words Emblems nonverbal acts that have a direct verbal translation or dictionary definition consisting of one or two words Cultural specific emblems Illustrators Affect displays Kinesic acts accompanying words facial gesture of
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