Planning the Message What makes a speech listenable Understandable language logical structure with clear signposts consistent and concise flow of information well prepared speaker confidence engaging non verbal behavior Preparing a speech Choose a topic statement of central idea collect research tweak polish the statement of central idea based on research formulate organize the body of the presentation prepare the necessary aids introduction that previews conclusion that summarizes the main points polish the intro conclusion Statement of central idea What you want the audience to know do or believe Goal of the speech to inform or persuade Topic of the speech Method of speech development Pre speech analysis Audience analysis assessing the demographic psychographic rhetorographic characteristics of your prospective listeners Demographics age gender education ethnicity Psychographics attitudes and beliefs Rhetorographics place time limit time of day and emotional climate Presentation evaluation Topic purpose relevant to the audience Organization well structured good opening transitions closing Content strong supporting points engaging content Credibility leadership use of sources demonstrate knowledge Creativity Vocal delivery clear conversational tone Non verbal delivery good eye contact body language Types of presentations Impromptu ad lib manuscript extemporaneous Extemporaneous mode Advantages security of notes quotes stats to backup ideas natural presentation Disadvantages may get lost if not well prepared too many notes causes barrier with audience Tips for creating outline Step by step structure topic outline vs sentence outline good transitions include facts quotes examples avoid over outlining Structuring the supporting material Internal summaries forecastings signposting Ethics of public speaking Plagiarism fabrication Developing the Message Patricia Bradley s tests of evidence Reliability recency accuracy completeness Types of sources Books magazines newspapers journals non print media interviews Sources Primary secondary Characteristics of memorable information Simple unexpected concrete credible emotional story based Presenting supporting material Stories specific instances expositions statistics analogies testimony PowerPoint presentations Clean easy to read visible font Consistent font format colors 5 5 rule Lists One major idea per slide Introduction slide that previews main points Conclusion slide that summarizes main points Neutral color scheme Simple visual effects fonts color design animation Proofread slides Structuring the Message Basic elements of a speech Intro central idea body conclusion Introduction Attention grabbing material personal reference stories visuals ask a question unusual or dramatic voices Orient listeners historical background defining terms personal history tie to topic importance to listeners Body Methods of organization chronological topical casual comparison contrast problem solution Conclusion Summary clincher personal reference humorous story illustration rhetorical question Presenting the Message Vocal delivery Persuasive Public Speaking Persuasion Whats in it for you Persuasive speech Vocal variety Pronunciation sloppy or incorrect articulation unaware of correction pronunciation Speak with confidence Visual presentation Gestures eye contact using an outline use of visual aids Process of influencing attitudes behaviors People will take actions or adopt beliefs if they can benefit from the change Goal intended to influence the opinion or behavior Derived from a problem Conviction vs actuation Process of persuasion Theory of field related standards the million dollar elevator pitch Aristotle s formula for persuasive success Ethos logos pathos Ethos 3 C s competence charisma character Logos Foundation for a good logical argument Clear statement of purpose Reasons you believe Reference to credible sources Arguments that follow a clear structure Clear statement of desired outcome No false facts or partial information Monroe s motivated sequence Attention need satisfaction visualization action Argument structures Problem solution arrangement Identify the situation Identify the problem List the possible solution Evaluate the solutions for workability desirability practicality Recommendation of the solution Critical thinking arrangement Identify the problem Establish the criteria for the best solution Match solution to the criteria Maslow s hierarchy of needs Self actualization needs self fulfillment Esteem needs self esteem reputation prestige Acceptance needs love belonging Safety needs security stability protection strength Psychological well being needs hunger sleep sex thirst Ethnographic theory of human needs Human needs to connect with human values Survival of the species pleasure seeking security territoriality Appeals to motivate listeners Adventure anger humor fear safety etc How to choose message Group norm standards individual norm standards personal involvement Elaboration likelihood model Listener is more likely to engage if Have encountered the issue before Interested or involved in the issue Enjoys thinking about the issue Values based messages e g of values of US citizens change mobility equality individualism free enterprise
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