ANT2511 Exam 3 Study Guide Ch 11 11 28 2012 CHAPTER 11 Early Hominins 1 EARLIEST HOMININS 1 S tchadensis Toumai found in Chad Africa 320 350 cc sized brain chimplike primitive teeth Flat face brow ridge foramen magnum underneath biped 2 Orrorin tugenensis 6 mya Molars smaller than A ramidus thick enamel like us Arms fingers adapted for climbing Thigh bone more human like bipedal Mixed woodland savannah environment 3 Ardipithecus ramidus 4 5 4 3 mya Noted for enamel thickness 4 Ardipithecus kadabba 4 4 mya Found in Ethiopia 45 of skeleton found data gathered for 15 years Classified as different species because canines are more chimp like Ardipithecus is hominin because of canines and bipedalism Bipedal pelvis but opposable big toe Not a knuckle walker small brain A ramidus and A kadabba considered same species now classified as Ardipithecus ramidus Ardi 2 AUSTRALOPITHECINES 1 Australopithecus anamensis 4 2 3 8 mya Found in Kenya mixed woodland environment More derived characteristics large molars thick enamel small canines knees and ankles indicate bipedalism More primitive climbing arms more ape like skull receding chin Dental arcade more U shaped ape than V shaped us 2 Australopithecus afrarensis Lucy 4 3 mya 13 individuals found in multiple areas across Africa Woodland drier savannah Only in East Africa Primitive ancestral traits 404cc brain size same as chimp base is flared sub nasal prognathism non projecting canines Derived traits teeth and jaws intermediated between apes and humans between U shaped and parabolic Medium sized canines Modest diastema gap between molars canine dimorphism than chimp but than us Smaller inner cusp than chimps 1 and us 2 Primitive bipedalism less efficient ilium oriented back so abductors are less efficient shorter legs slower wider pelvis Sexual dimorphism ratio 1 5 male 1 female o Greater sexual dimorphism than humans chimps and bonobos Mixture of arboreal and terrestrial o More efficient bipedalism less efficient climbing o Sleeping in trees long arms curved fingers bipedal pelvis 3 Australopithecus Africanus Taung 3 years old 3 2 2 mya 1st Australopithecine discovered only South Africa 442 cc brain size similar to A afarensis More modern teeth than A afarensis Small brain modern dentition dentition evolved before Location of foramen magnum indicates bipedalism Derived traits shorter face subnasal prognathism dimorphic brain size canines Derived traits NOT shared with us large molars for chewing post canine megadontia Rapid maturation like chimps 4 Kenyanthropus platyops 3 5 3 2 mya Mixed woodland savannah environment Lake Turkana Africa Thick enamel but smaller molars than all but A ramidus Broad flat face Possibly distorted afarensis 5 Australopithecus garhi 2 5 mya Found in Ethiopia 450 cc brain size Very prognathic face sagittal crest Legs longer than arms unlike chimps A afarensis Canines premolars and molars larger than afarensis africanus Differed from other australopiths but lack derived features of other hominins 3 ROBUST AUSTRALOPITHECINES 1 Australopithecus aethiopicus 2 5 mya Black Skull Lake Turkana Kenya modified jaw hinge Jaw joint similar to A afarensis chimps gorillas whereas we have a Same brain body size as A afarensis Similar postcranially to Australopithecines with small brains relative to body size Huge molars large lower jaw for powerful chewing Flared zygomatic arch makes face look flat Huge temporalis and masseter muscles for chewing 2 Australopithecus boisei 2 2 1 3 mya Found Tanzania Robust size larger body molars for really heavy chewing 3 Australopithecus robustus 1 8 1 mya South Africa 530 cc brain size bigger brain than other australopithecines Sexual dimorphism Bipedal more heavy chewing than africanus seeds nuts meat 4 Australopithecus sediba 1 9 1 78 mya Found 2010 by Lee Berger South Africa Closest morphological comparisons are to A africanus H erectus Combo of ancestral derived traits o Cranium body size proportion austrolopith 420 cc brain size o Reduced size of molars pelvis homo trait seen in h erectus ANT2511 Exam 3 Study Guide Ch 12 11 28 2012 CHAPTER 12 The Genus Homo and Stone Tools 1st appearance of Genus homo 2 5 mya during periods of cyclic glaciation Characteristics of Genus homo Smaller teeth More efficient bipedalism Tool use Less projecting face larger more rounded brain case 1 Homo habilis 1 9 1 6 mya Ways similar to Homo o 1 bigger brain o 2 smaller teeth with thinner enamel parabolic dental arcade rounded skull reduced jaw muscles Wood Collard put H habilis with australopithecines because they say other Homo are fully terrestrial larger dimorphism EARLY TOOL USE Oldowan Industry 2 5 mya H habilis A garhi carried tools o Cores flakes sharp cutting edger Mode 1 technique o Hammerstones Beginnings of archaeology quarrying sites home bases found Taphonomy how sites are created preservation fossilization etc Teeth smooth grooves flakes serrated grooves Lower Paleolithic Industry Oldowan and Acheulean tradition Flakes cleavers hand axe bifaced standardized Movius line bamboo etc Hand axes used to butcher large animals stripping tree bark digging etc in East Asia H erectus used bamboo Movius Line o Only mode 1 tools no mode 2 Reasons for African Exodus search for resources generalized diet allowed adaptation to new environment no competition in new environments population expansion etc Possible fire use 1 6 1 5 mya 2 Homo erectus 1 6 mya Shorter arms longer legs like us narrow hips shoulders like us Brain size 700 1200 cc much larger brains than australopiths Heavily muscled Major features increased brain size angular vault cranial superstructures H erectus and H ergaster very similar but erectus thicker skull bigger brow ridge sagittal keel more pronounced occipital torus Ancestral traits narrow behind eyes receding forehead no chin Derived traits shared with us Less prognathic face smaller jaws Derived traits NOT shared with us occipital torus large brow teeth larger body ridges No nerves to control breathing during speech no language 3 H floresiensis Hobbit 800 kya 380 cc brain size 7 individuals found measured at about 3 ft tall Possibly dwarfed H erectus Island environment linked to dwarfism Used Mode 1 tools flakes etc made tools and hunted large game ANT2511 Exam 3 Study Guide Ch 13 11 28 2012 CHAPTER 13 The Neanderthals Hominid Evolution occurred in Middle to Late Pleistocene 600 H Heidelbergensis precursor to Neanderthals begins surfacing kya during this period Neanderthals make first