Before Midterm o Linguists o Look at language data o Discover patterns o Propose rules that represent explain the patterns o Test predictions o If proposed rules existed they would generate patterns we see in data o Build a model that describes explain how speakers speak and understand their native language o Sound system accents o Word system possible and impossible sound combinations to o Sentence system creativity the ability to combine a finite create words number of linguistic units o Language o Symbolic o Allows unbounded creativity via discrete units o Allows displacement o Acquired early o Allows ambiguity o Rule governed Systematic o Form bears resemblance to referent form and meaning is o Iconic not arbitrary o Kangaroo sign o Symbolic o Form does not bear resemblance to referent relationship between form and meaning is arbitrary o Peace sign o In language relationship between form sounds and meaning concepts is symbolic and arbitrary o Form and meaning is not rule governed o Word for desk is different in every language o They are separate o Prescriptive grammar o Rules dictated by society as correct o Assumes there is an ideal correct version of language o Mental grammar in our individual heads descriptive grammar o Phonetics the study of the physical properties of speech sounds o s and z sound differences o Identify describe all sounds properties of languages o Identifies inventory of all the sounds o Phonology the study of the mental representation of speech sounds o Patterns of plural when s and z sounds o Try to understand sound patterns of language o Abstract mental representation of distinctive sound in a o Phoneme language o Phone o Allophones o Minimal pairs o Phonetic units represent actual pronunciation o Set of predictable phonetic variants of phoneme o Two words differ in meaning and are identical in form except for one phone in same position o Overlapping distribution Minimal Pair example Phones of separate phonemes Same surrounding sounds Not predictable by rule o Complementary distribution o Phones that never occur in same environment but share phonological features o Allophones of one phoneme o Discover pattern then formulate a rule and predict which one will occur in particular environment Morpholgy Discrete units that can combine to form complex words Root principle meaning of a word Affixes not core meaning but add to the meaning A morpheme is a pairing of sound form and meaning function Free morphemes o Grammatical function closed class Determiners the a some his Prepositions relationship words in on with from Conjunctions and but or Aux verbs can might should has o Lexical context open class Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Bound morphemes o Cannot stand alone o Ex ed s pre un ist ation o Do not contribute to the main meaning of word also called affixes Prefixes come before root Suffixes follow the root ing ity en tion Cirumfixes surround the root o lihat see kelihatan that thing is visible o percaya believe kepercayaan belief To identify morpheme o Find root find ones in other words Goal of Linguists human cognition Understand mental representation of language as a system of How humans represent language in their brain Language as one data point for figuring out about human cognition Unconscious knowledge o Make uniform grammar judgments o Recognize and use appropriate word order o Able to use language creatively o Recognize structural ambiguity o Recognize structure dependence Phonologists are linguists o Study syntax syntacticians o Sound system phonologists phoneticians Looking at patterns How things are articulated Linguistics is the big thing everything else is a sub set Question Linguists and phonologist can work together but they are in 2 different professions false o Doctor cardiologist Speakers intuitions about grammar o Native speakers of any language have a similar ot identical mental grammar representation of internal structure of language o Judgments about sentences should reflect mental grammar o Native speakers make uniform judgments about sentences of speakers in that language Lexical Categories Open class content o Nouns adjectives verbs adjectives Closed class function o Prepositions determiners articles auxillary verbs Frames to identify open class categories o Determiners the or a dog preacher circle Some nouns cannot follow a determiner names Something is a noun if you can put a determiner in pronouns front of it o Identify verbs Aux verb can has is swim swum swimming Co occur with auxiliary verbs o Identify adjectives The pretty or red or silly noun The noun adjective Syntax Study of structure of phrases and sentences o Systematic ways words combine to form phrases o Phrases combine to form sentences Sounds are decomposable into features sentences are further decomposable into phrases Hierarchically structured o Sentences phrases words morphemes phonemes features Subject in sentence The boy who likes sushi ate outside today o The boy who likes sushi Main constituents in a sentence are o Subject Predicate and NP VP o Subject predicate term we use o NP VP noun phrase verb phrase syntactical categories Phrase structure general rules for representing the internal structure of sentences Phrase structure trees tree diagram representing internal structure of specific sentence Constituent syntactic unit in PS tree Trees o Optional categories in parenthesis o A category not in parentheses is required o NP must have a head N o Pronouns replace NP not nouns PS rules explain our knowledge of the properties of language o Know word order o C an make uniform grammar judgments o Can create infinite number of new sentences creativity Complentizer introduces a sentence o Sometimes optional S NP Aux VP NP Det Adj N PP VP V NP PP CP PP P NP CP C S Recursion o Ability to generate unboundedly long sentences is central property of human language Structurally ambiguous o Needs 2 different trees each tree represents one o Not all sentences with PP s have ambiguous interpretation o Pronoun substitution optional PP attachment to NP and VP meaning NP VP The man with red hair likes pies The man likes pies Joe stopped at the corner Joe stopped o Test each tree must yield 2 different meanings Psycholinguistics The study of how we use our linguistic knowledge in performance Design experiments so linguistic performance informs our models of o Human language knowledge o How that knowledge is used Lexicon Syntax Phonology o How is it organized o Words with