Chapter 11 Public Speaking Planning the Message Public communication transaction between a speaker and an audience Listenable speech one that is formatted in a way that when it is received it is understood by listeners Preparation is an important key to effective public speaking the quality of a speech performance normally correlates positively with the total preparation time the amount of research done the time and effort spent in the preparation of speaking notes the time spent preparing visual aids the number of rehearsals and the time spent rehearsing out loud Speech participants the speaker and the members of the audience Speaker setting encompasses where the speech is given what the time limit is when the presentation is made and the attitude of the audience Purpose of the speech centers on the speaker s expected outcomes for the presentation Ethical public speaker speaks with sincerity doesn t alter the truth gives credit to sources doesn t invent and fabricate statistics avoids slander hidden agendas plagiarism fabrication Plagiarism occurs when a speaker uses the ideas and words of others as his or her own without giving credit to the originator of the material Fabrication making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true Prior to the speech analysis majority of the work takes place before the speech is given Process of the speech analysis observing the audience for feedback questions cough meter Post speech analysis paying attention to reactions following a speech opinion polls tests questionnaires follow up interviews Audience analysis consists of assessing the demographic psychographic and rhetorographic characteristics of your prospective listeners Demographics your listeners characteristics based on their descriptions and backgrounds include such factors as age gender religion ethnicity education occupation and race Psychographics audiences attitudes and beliefs Rhetorographics the place time limit time of day and emotional climate for the speech Topic selection typically speakers are asked to make a presentation because of their knowledge experience and expertise on the other hand sometimes a speaker is given limited leeway in selecting a topic Statement of central idea defines the subject and develops the criteria by which to evaluate the material to be included in the speech consists of the goal of the speech the statement of the topic and the method or process used to develop the speech Goal of the speech expressed in terms of its expected outcome to inform or persuade To inform impart new information and secure understanding or reinforce information and understandings acquired in the past explaining summarizing describing To persuade attempt to get the listener to take some action to accept a belief or to change a point of view support agree with Topic of the speech the subject which should be states as specifically as possible Method of speech development encompasses how you plan to approach the presentation Cough meter increasing number of coughs if you have lost the audience s attention they become physically restless Modes of presentation the preparation method and reference aids to be used during the speech impromptu extemporaneous manuscript and memorized Impromptu speaking speaker uses information acquired from experience speaks with little or no preparation and organizes ideas while he or she is communicating Ad lib speaking speaker has no time to organize ideas and responds immediately when answering a question volunteering an opinion or interacting during a question and answer session Extemporaneous speaking mode developing a set of talking points in notes or an outline to assist them in presenting their ideas Advantages time to find the information needed to help accomplish the statement of central idea the security of having notes or an outline to refer to throughout the speech the use of quotations illustrations and statistics in written form for backing up ideas and a more spontaneous and natural oral presentation and physical presentation than are likely in the manuscript or memorized mode Speech planning outline a brief framework used to think through the process of the speech Speech presentation outline create outline with examples and illustrations and write in internal summaries and forecasts Outline consists of parallelism coordination subordination and division Topic outline words or phrases for all entries and usually has little or no punctuation after entries Sentence outline complete sentences for all entries and usually has correct punctuation Mind mapping method of arranging materials visually rather than in list form Talking points bullet points in an abbreviated outline format that serve as a framework for the speech and are used in a rehearsal session and as the notes for the actual presentation Manuscript speech mode the material is written out and delivered word for word Advantages provides accurate language solid organization and gives the speaker a permanent written record of the speech Disadvantages speaker can t easily adapt it to suit the audience during the presentation speaker is stuck with the message as written and the speaker must depend on prior audience analysis to ensure that the message is tailored to the listeners Memorized speech mode a speech written out word for word and them committed to memory Chapter 12 Public Speaking Developing the Message Primary sources of information sources that represent the original reports of the observations or research Secondary sources of information sources that report but didn t originally generate the observations or research Computer based retrieval system allows the researcher to compile a bibliography or a set of facts relevant to a specific topic Conducting a computer research 1 Select a database 2 Narrow the hits 3 Examine the hits 4 Mark the sources 5 Save the sources 6 Cite the sources Selecting internet sources 1 Find valid sources 2 Use the databases available through college libraries 3 Set a stopping point Analyzing sources Oral footnote oral reference used in a speech that indicates that the material being presented is a paraphrase or quotation generated by a source other than the speaker Supporting speech material should clarify a point that you re making in the speech or offer evidence of the validity of the argument presented Most memorable material simple unexpected concrete credible emotional story based so that the listener will be
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