COMM107 Midterm Study Guide Models of communication Linear model of comm A schematic that illustrates the process by which a source encodes a message and sends it to a receiver through one or more sensory channels w o a feedback loop The receiver then receives and decodes the message Interactional model of comm A schematic that illustrates how a source encodes and sends a message to a receiver The receiver receives and decodes the message as in linear communication but then encodes feedback and sends it back to the source thus making the process two directional The source then decodes the feedback message Then source encodes a new message that adjusts to the feedback Transactional model of comm A schematic that illustrates how communicators simultaneously process messages Messages overlap and can be verbal or nonverbal Terms Characteristics of communication Encode The process of creating a message Decode The process of translating the received message Feedback Response to a message Noise Any internal or external interference in the communication process Environmental outside interference prevents the receiver from gaining the message Physiological physical problem blocks effective sending or receiving of message ex deaf or blind Semantic communication problems created by the meaning of words Syntactical communication problems created by grammatical usage Organizational the lack of a clear structural order in which the info is presented Cultural preconceived unyielding attitudes derived from a group or society about how members of that culture should act or what they should believe Psychological emotional issues such as stress frustration or irritation Verbal Significant Other Theory The selection of specific people or groups whose language ideals and beliefs we allow to influence us Language Explosion Theory Humans build language skills from a central core of influence often the mother infant dyad and then expand the skills through the circles of influence in which a person is involved Denotative meanings Words with direct explicit meanings of words Connotative meanings Words with implied or suggested meanings Slang Words that are related to a specific activity or incident and are immediately understood by members of a particular group Inarticulates Uttered sounds words phrases that have no meaning or do not help the listener gain a clear understanding of the message such as the phrase stuff like that Doublespeak A form of vagueness that is deceptive evasive or confusing with the intention of misleading distorting reality making the bad seem good creating a false verbal map of the world or creating incongruity b t reality and what is said or not said Language distortion The intentional or unintentional distortion of information through ambiguity vagueness inferences or message adjustment Types of language Emotive Employs emotional connotative words to express the feelings attitudes and emotions of the speaker Phatic the function of the words is to perform a social task ex How are you Cognitive conveys information generally though denotative words Rhetorical Used to influence thoughts and behaviors ex often used in advertisements Nonverbal Innate neurological programs automatic nonverbal reactions to stimuli born with Kinesics The study of communication through the body and its movements Gustorics The study of how taste communicates Gestics The study of the movements of the body such as gestures that can give clues about a person s status mood cultural affiliations and self perception Haptics The study of the use of touch as communication Ocalics The study of the eyes as a receiver and conveyer of communication Facsics The study of how the face communicates Olfactics The study of smell as a communicator Paravocalics Study of how vocal quality communicates nonverbally to the listening ear Artifacts The study of those things that adorn the body and send messages to others about us as well as our selection of these items Complementing The supporting of a verbal message with nonverbal actions Conflicting A difference of intent between the verbal and nonverbal messages Substituting The replacement of verbal communication with nonverbal communication Accenting Nonverbal behavior intended to accent parts of a verbal message Halo effect positive evaluation of a person or thing not because or his or her talents or display of proficiency but because of such factors as physical appearance Devil effect a negative evaluation of a person because of the way the person looks regardless of his or her intelligence or job performance Listening Discriminative Listening that attempts to distinguish auditory and visual stimuli Comprehensive Listening that attempts to recognize and retain info of a message Appreciative When a person engages in enjoyment of or sensory stimulation to a message such as listening to humorous speakers comedians or music videos Therapeutic The type of listening used in mental health social work and counseling that requires a listener to learn when to ask questions when to stimulate further discussion and when if ever to give advice Reception the initial step in the listening process Attention the step in listening in which the receiver focuses on a specific stimulus selected from all the stimuli received at any given moment Hearing Biological activity involves reception of a message through sensory channels Listening A process that involves reception attention perception the assignment of meaning and the response to the message presented Intrapersonal Public self the one you let others know the you that you have decided to let others see Real self what you think of yourself when you are being most honest about your interests thoughts emotions and needs Ideal self who you would like to be or think you should be Self talk intrapersonally communicating within yourself an inner dialogue Cognitive processing how people process information in relationship to their values attitudes and beliefs by comprehending organizing and storing ideas Interpersonal Knapp s Relationship Escalation Model A communication based explanation of how relationships develop and continue Economic Model of Relationship A systematic way to evaluate relationships by applying the concept that people make judgments about interpersonal contacts by comparing relational rewards costs Once costs rewards relationship may dissolve Knapp s Relationship Termination Model Describes how at any stage of the Knapp s
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