Lecture 3 MARB 435Outline of Last Lecture1. Introduction to PhylogeneticsA. Morphological Dataa. Charactersb. Character Statesc. Character MatrixB. Molecular Dataa. Charactersb. Character StatesC. Introduction to Phylogenetic Treesa. Cladogram Treesb. Phylograms Treesc. Ultrametric TreesD. Resolutiona. Polytomyb. Multifurcationc. BifurcationE. Lecture 1 Note VocabularyOutline of Current Lecture1. Introduction to Protists2. Introduction to Protozoan’s3. Eukaryotic Cell Componentsa. Cell Components & Function4. Cytoskeleton5. Flagella & Cilia6. Pseudopodiaa. Protozoan Specialized Parts7. Introduction to Protozoan Groupsa. Alveolatesi. Phylum Ciliophoraii. Phylum Dinoza (Din flagellates)1. Noctiluca scintillans2. Pfiesteria piscicid3. Human Concerns of Dinoflagellates4. Karenia breve5. Hematodinium perezi6. Zooanthellaeiii. Phylum Apicomplexa1. Malariab. Amoebozoac. Rhizariai. Phylum Radiozaii. Phylum Formaniferad. Excavatai. ChoanoflagellatesCurrent Lecture Introduction to ProtistsProtists are unicellular eukaryotic cells. Unicellular means that organisms that consist of only one cell. Eukaryotic is defined as having a membrane bound nuclei. Protists use to be one of the five kingdoms which were Protist, Fungi, Animilia, Plantae, and Bacteria. Protists was replaced with Monera because they’re now considered polyphyletic. Polyphyletic mean that an organism derived from more than one ancestor or ancestral group. Since protists are such a large group commonly they are characterized as protozoans; which are a subset of smaller unit of protists.Introduction to ProtozoansProtozoans are unicellular and don’t contain a collagen or chitinous cell wall. Protozoans are usually categorized as being non-photosynthetic meaning that they can’t use sunlight to make their own food along with carbon dioxide and water. Protozoans are complex organisms despite being unicellular.Eukaryotic Cell Components & FunctionsEukaryotic cells contain a membrane around the nuclei. Their functional parts are listed, microfilaments, nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, chromatin, nucleolus, cell membrane, RoughEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER), microtubules, ribosomes, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), centrioles, Golgi Apparatus and flagellum.Functions1. Microfilaments- Thin actin filaments composed to make a helix and are located in the cytoskeleton.2. Nucleus- The head quarters of the cell and helps regulate the cell.3. Mitochondria- Produces ATP (energy) and the site of cellular respiration.4. Lysosomes- Helps digest cell materials.5. Chromatin-Storehouse for DNA.6. Nucleolus- Helps the cell by assembling ribosomes.7. Cell Membrane- Protective cover of the cell and has lipids in the semi permeable bilayer.8. Rough ER- Supports the cell and helps make proteins. The surface area if covered with ribosomes.9. Microtubules- Help with dividing the cell during mitosis.10. Ribosomes- Make protein which attach to the Rough ER.11. Smooth ER- Helps make up the cell membrane and isn’t covered in ribosomes.12. Centrioles- Assist in the attachment of microtubules.13. Golgi Apparatus- Helps synthesis lipids.14. Flagellum- Assists with locomotion.CytoskeletonThe cytoskeleton is a main component for eukaryotic cells because they help support the cell and assist keeping the cells structure. The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules and microfilaments. Microtubules are cylindrical structures composed of proteins. Microfilaments are winding filaments that form a helix and are composed of actin (protein).Flagella & CiliaThe main two sources of locomotion throughout the cell are commonly known as the flagella & cilia but they have many differences besides their function. Flagella and cilia follow a mathematical formula that should be understood when studying eukaryotic cell which is shown in Figure 1. 9 x 2 + 2 is a formula which represents the arrangement of diene (protein) which assists withmovement in the cilia and flagella. The 9 represents the nine diene’s that linethe cilia and flagella, X 2 represents the top and bottom parts of the cilia.The + 2 represent the two diene in the middle of the cilia and flagella. Ciliaare short and move in unison or metachronally. Metarchronally means moving all at the same pace and in the same direction. When cilia moves metarchronally each stoke takes the same amount of time. Flagella are long and whip like. Flagella are more powerful than cilia. Where as one cell might need thousands of cilia one might cell might need only a few flagella.PseudopodiaPseudopodia are protrusion on a cell that is used for feeding and locomotion. Cytoplasmflows into the pseudopodia and can control a moving organism direction. Similar to the pseudopodia protozoan’s contain numerous specialized organs such as contractile vacuoles. Contractile vacuoles are where commonly known for being the site where waste is removed from the cell. Protozoans contain two types of extrusomes; trichocysts and toxicysts. Extrusomes as organelles located on the bottom of the cell that can protrude. Trichocysts are simply protrusible filaments whereas toxicysts are protrusable filaments that contain toxins and are used for defense and to capture prey.Introduction to Protozoan Groups1. Alveolates- Phylum’s Ciliophora, Phylum Dinoza, and Phylum Apicomplexa2. Amoebozoa3. Rhizaria- Phylum Radiozoa and Phylum Formanifera4. Excavate- ChoanoflagellatesAlveolatesAlveolates contain a membrane composed of pellicle and alveoli. The outer covering (cell membrane) structure is the pellicle and the alveoli is the fluid that fills the pellicle. The fluidinside the pellicle helps with supporting the cell and sometimes stores Calcium ions andcellulose. They reproduce sexually through conjugation which is uncommon for unicellular organismsPhylum CiliophoraThese organisms are found in fresh and marine water commonly in moist soils. They are motile and use cilia or flagella to assist in locomotion. They are categorized as being one of the fastest moving protozoans. When it comes to their feeding ecology the can be classified as herbivores, bacteriovores, detritivores or predators but they are all heterotrophic. Herbivores eat only plant matter, bacteriovores eat bacteria and detritivores consume detritus which is waster of debris such as gravel or sand.Phylum DinozaDinozoa are also known as Dinoflagellates which are fresh and marine water organisms. They are commonly primary producers. Primary producer’s organisms that obtain