Lecture 2 MARB 435Outline of Last Lecture1. Syllabus & Introduction to Marine Invertebrate Zoology2. Introduction of InvertebrateA. Invertebrate DiversityB. Pharmaceutical Role3. Invertebrate ClassificationA. Latin BinomialsB. Classification4. Lecture 1 VocabularyOutline of Current Lecture1. Introduction to PhylogeneticsA. Morphological Dataa. Charactersb. Character Statesc. Character MatrixB. Molecular Dataa. Charactersb. Character StatesC. Introduction to Phylogenetic Treesa. Cladogram Treesb. Phylograms Treesc. Ultrametric TreesD. Resolutiona. Polytomyb. Multifurcationc. BifurcationE. Lecture 1 Note VocabularyCurrent LecturePhylogenetics- Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relatedness of taxa or species with common ancestorsrepresented in a phylogenetic tree.- Phylogenetic trees share a common ancestor and its descendants. The phylogentic trees havebranching points that represent speciation events. Phylogenetic trees are made using two typesof data; morphological or molecular data.Morphological Data- Morphological data is data that can be seen with or without microscopes. Morphological data isbroken down unto two factors; character and character states.- Characters are individual structures that can be compared among similar species. (Ex: eyes orclaws). Character states are different versions of characters. (Ex: blue eyes or brown eyes) (Ex:scissor claws, hooked claws or flat claws)- Character Matrix: Is a table composed from morphological data an example is provided below.Figure A: Simple Character Matrix Basic- The tables basic composuresFigure B: Character Matrix Complex- The tables more complex formationFigure ASpecies Eye ClawA Blue ScissorB Brow HookedC Brown Flat*** NOTE: Characters across the top of the table and character states go vertically under eachcategory. Figure B1 2A 0 0B 1 1C 1 2*** NOTE: Now the characters and character states are represented by numbers. The numbersrepresent the words in Figure A. The characters across the top are represented by numbersinstead of words. The character states going vertically under the characters also represented bynumbers. For eyes, blue is represented by 0 and brown is represented by 1. For claws, scissor isrepresented by 0 and hooked is represented by 1 and flat is represented by 2.Molecular DataMolecular Data is mainly nucleotides and DNA. A nucleotide is a chain of coded DNAsuch as ACGT. In molecular data the character is the nucleotide and the character states areACGT; which are complied in a table such as morphological data. However when dealing withmolecular data the table sizes are much larger and can’t be calculated manually usually; which iswhy information like this may be programmed into a computer system program to composed theCharacter Matrix table.Tree TypesWhen dealing with phylogenetics a student must understand the three types of trees. 1. Cladograms- These table types have no meaning and represent no scientific analysis.2. Phylograms- These table types are used to represent genetic changes over a period of time.3. Ultrametric- Theses trees represent change of time.ResolutionResolution is the way phylogenetic trees are understood. There are three mainresolutions to understand, polytomy, multifurcation and bifurcation.1. Polytomy- They is commonly seen as a star and no data or analysis can be completed whenthere is polytomy in a phylogenetic tree.2. Multifurcation- This reveal some clarification for phylogenetic trees and are a little morebroken down the polytomy but doesn’t completely show the evolution of a species.3. Bifurcation- These are fully resolved phylogenetic trees where the reader can comprehendand see the evolution of an animal over a period of time.Important Vocabulary1. Autamorphy- A categorization one taxon by a particular characteristic. For example CockerSpaniels and Great Danes are both dogs and are in the same species. However CockerSpaniels have curly ears making the curly ear gene in Cocker Spaniels an autamorphybecause Great Danes don’t have curly ears. Autamorphy doesn’t help with phylogeneticanalysis because you’ve got nothing to compare it too. Each taxon usually has oneautamorphy but it isn’t used when composing a phylogenetic tree.2. Synapomorphy- Is a character state that is shared by all the members of one groups. Theseare highly helpful when making Phylogenetic trees.3. Paraphyletic groups- Are Phylogenetic trees that don’t include all descendants of anancestral species.4. Exopthalmia- A group of species that includes all descendants of a common ancestor.5. Sister Taxa- Are two species that come from the same branching point on a phylogenetictree.6. Polphyletic group- Animals with no direct common ancestor. For example, birds, bats andinsects are all flying animals but they don’t share a common