Animal Reproduction and Development:- Asexual Reproduction: o Produces _______________________ Genetically _________________________ cells.o Binary Fission : ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Results in two identical cells that only differ if there are mutations.o Increase in genetic variation: ____________________ DNA from one individual to another.- Usually from same species. ____________________ DNA directly from the environment. ______________________________o Mitosis is the basis of asexual reproduction.o Budding : __________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________o Fragmentation : __________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________o Parthenogenesis : ________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Single, maternal parent.- Sexual Reproduction :o Involves the ___________________ and ____________________ of gameteso Combining a ___________________ set of genetic information from two individuals to make a new ______________________________________ individual.o Meiosis : a form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes.o Fertilization : fusion of specialized cells to restore the original chromosomal content Net reduction in the number of cells (2 haploid cells to 1 diploid cell) Spermatoza: sperm Ova: eggs Zygote : results in fertilization (2n)- Divides and develops into an embryo During meiosis, pairs of _____________________ chromosomes undergo ________________________- Shuffling the combination of _______________________ between the chromosomes. Results in __________________________________________________.- Many species reproduce both sexually and asexually because ______________________________________________ are ______________________ and therefore being able to flex with that variability allows for higher reproductive success.- Exclusive asexuality is often an evolutionary dead end.o Advantages to asexuality : Doesn’t involve finding and attracting a mate, which takes time and energy. Rapid reproduction allows organisms to increase their numbers quickly.- All offspring can produce offspring (in sexual reproduction, only females carry offspring)o Disadvantages : Produces genetically identical offspring.- No genetic variability. - External Fertilization : ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________o Chance somehow sperm must meet the egg in a large environment. Releases a large number of gametes. Lays eggs in specific areas to be fertilized. May also come close together physically to increase chances of fertilization.o The release of _______________________ number of gametes and the production of a __________________ number of offspring. Each offspring has a ___________ probability of survival.- Partially because offspring receive _________________________________ parental care.- Internal Fertilization : ____________________________________________________________________________________________o Adaption for living on land.o More control over fertilization.o Produce ___________________ number of gametes and ___________________ offspring.- r-strategists : ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________o Generally evolve in _____________________, changing, and unpredictable environments.o An advantage to reproducing quickly and producing many offspring when conditions are _______________________.- K-strategists : _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________o Generally evolve in ___________________, unchanging, and predictable environments.o Tends to be more crowding and larger populations.o Intense _________________________ for limited resources, so traits such as parental care and few offspring are favored. - Oviparous : _____________________________________________________o Eggs of animals with external fertilization have a substance called _______________. It provides ______________________ to the developing embryo needs until it hatches.o Very little, if any embryonic ________________________ inside the mother.o Movement onto land changed the anatomy of the egg. No longer dependent on diffusion of substances. Extraembryonic Membranes :- Amnion : __________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________- Allantois : _________________________________________________________________________________- Chorion : __________________________________________________________________________________- Hard Shell : _______________________________________________________________________________- Viviparous : _____________________________________________________o Evolved independently in several different groups.o The embryo develops inside the mother.o Placental Mammals : The ____________________ and ___________________ fuse to form the placenta.- Allows nutrients to be obtained directly from the