Chapter 12 Social Psychology Know the three primary areas of social psychology as well as relevant related concepts that fall under each see below Social Psychology concerned with how a person s behavior thoughts and feelings are influenced by the actual imagined or implied presence of others more concerned with individual Sociology study and classification of human societies o Social Influence The ways in which a person s thoughts feelings and behavior can be affected by others In other words how we are influenced by others Conformity voluntarily yielding to social norms changing one s own behavior to more closely match the actions of others Ex of conformity paul makes his grass cut to avoid complaints from neighbors Define and distinguish from compliance and obedience Be able to correctly label an example What was Asch s classic study The study involved actors and one real participant They were presented a white card with a standard line and three other comparison lines and asked to judge the line lengths Actors answered correctly at first and then consistently gave the wrong answers The subjects would conform to the group and give the wrong answers Name conditions that increase the likelihood of conformity group size group is unanimous lack of dissension group observes one s behavior culture can encourage respect for social standard collectivist cultures show more conformity feelings of incompetence or low self esteem Compliance when people change their behavior as a result of another person or group asking or directing them to change Define and distinguish from conformity and obedience What are 4 techniques used to get people to comply with a request Be able to correctly label an example of each if given a scenario a Foot in the door once a small request is secured a larger request follows b Door in the face once a larger request is refused it is followed by a second smaller and more reasonable request c Lowball once a commitment is made the cost of that commitment is increased Deception is involved during the time of request d That s not al persuading person makes an offer but before the target can respond the persuader throws in an extra something to make the deal look even sweeter Also operates on reciprocity Obedience when one changes his her behavior at the command of an authority Define and distinguish from compliance and conformity What is Milgram s classic study Investigated the effects of authority on obedience why are war crimes committed by seemingly normal people The subject was told to shock the actor with a higher voltage with every successive incorrect answer from the actor Name factors that increase the likelihood of obedience a Physical proximity if teacher is closer to learner obedience b Status of authority figure if status decreases obedience decreases decreases c Depersonalization of victim making the victim dethatched d increases obedience lack of defiant role models decrease of obedience if someone says it is wrong What is Zimbardo s Prison Study Subjects played either prisoners or guards Prisoners were arrested fingerprinted dressed and referred to by number Guards were dressed and given control over prisoners What did this experiment reveal about social roles Subjects became their social roles in action thought and feeling What are social roles Shared experiences about how people in certain positions are suppose to behave Group Influence Define what a group is Groups consist of two or more individuals who INTERACT and are INTERDEPENDENT Be able to identify if given an example whether or not the example represents a group Bad Ex divorced fathers in Baltimore not a group because there is no interaction Good Ex social support group Group Think Define and be able to identify an example Make sure you can name some characteristics associated with group think Occurs when members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking Characteristics suspend their critical thinking censor dissent as the pressure to conform increases mind guards try to shield the group from info that contradicts the group s view when presented with a conflict they think in terms of us versus them oversimplify and create and outgroup enemy overestimate outgroup enemy Group Polarization Define and be able to identify an example Occurs when group discussion strengthens a group s dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction attitude opinion does NOT involve widening the gap between two factions in a group Group Polarization is due to Social comparison and Informational social influence Social Facilitation Social Impairment Social Loafing Define each and be able to identify examples Make sure you can distinguish between each a Social Facilitatino tendency for the presence of other people having a positive impact on performance of an easy task increases arousal to optimal level Ex cyclists do better with other competition b Social impairment the thendecy for the presence of other people having a negative impact on the performance of a difficult task creating an arousal that is too high that impedes ability to preform Ex may not do well on presentation because of the presence of teacher or classmates c Socail Loafing reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups compared to when they work by themselves i Reduced efficiency resulting from loss of coordination ii Loss of personal responsibility o Social Cognition The mental processes people use to make sense of the world around them In other words how we think about others Attribution Be able to define Attribution is the process of inferring the causes of mental states behaviors and events which occur to ourselves and others What is Weiner s Model He found that people often focus on what they think is the stability underlying the causes for behavior Stable causes are permanent Unstable causes are temporary If given an applied example be able to define and distinguish between internal vs external attributions and stable vs unstable attributions Internal Dispositional Explanation person is naturally aggressive behavior reflects the person vs External Situational Explanation something happened to a person to make them aggressive behavior due to situation Example of reactions to failing an exam a Stable internal not smart enough b Unstable internal wasn t motivated c External stable instructor sucks d Unstable external bad luck Attitudes Be able to define
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