4 goals of psychology label each with examples o Description observations what is happening who is doing it under what circumstances o Explanation forming hypothesis or theories test the theory review the results replicate the study why is it happening o Prediction when will it happen again o Control modify and change behavior can it be changed Mental processes perceptions thoughts and feeling Main differences between structuralism and functionalism Behavior actions that can be seen o Structuralism breaks down the parts of consciousness thoughts emotions and experiences to understand the mind Objective introspection people can examine their own thoughts and mental activities o Functionalism focused on functioning in the real world theory was influenced by natural selection streams of thought vs elements of the mind Basic ideas of Gestalt psychology o the whole is greater than the sum of its parts o 5 laws of perception Symmetry look for patterns or shapes rather than separate elements Proximity objects that are close together belong together Closure partially defined object is seen as a whole Continuity the preference for uninterrupted figures Similarity objects that are alike will be seen as a group Psychoanalysis adulthood problems o Early childhood important to understanding development unresolved issues cause o Mental Iceberg Unconscious fears shameful experiences unacceptable sexual desires Conscious thoughts and perceptions Preconscious memories and stored knowledge o How would they explain human behavior Behaviorism o Behavior is learned from experiences and not from unconscious desires rejected o Classical conditioning involuntary reaction could be caused to occur in response to an psychoanalysis unrelated stimuli Modern Approaches of Psychology o Psychodynamic focuses on the unconscious mind and its influence of conscious behavior also stresses the important role of childhood experiences on development Therapeutic approach has less emphasis on sex and more emphasis on sense of self Ego development meeting needs within realistic parameters Part of the brain that makes sure our behavioral impulses are acceptable to the real world Superego development moral and guilt part of the brain that holds moral ideas o Behavioral focuses on how behavior is learned through classical and operant Operant conditioning behaviors followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened Therapeutic approach focuses on manipulation of environmental influences on behavior o Humanistic focuses on human potential free will and the possibility of self conditioning actualization Developed as a third force and is based on the works of Carl Rogers people could change their own destiny and Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs people must meet primary needs before dealing with secondary needs o Cognitive Focuses on memory intelligence perception thought processes problem solving language and learning Influenced by computers o Sociocultural Focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture Highlights the different influences of environments and heredity on development and behavior Ecological systems theory interaction between proximal family and friends and distal government and country environments Cross cultural research the contrasts and comparisons of a behavior are studied in at least two cultures o Biopsychology focuses on the biological bases of behavior and mental processes Attributes behavior to biological events genetic influences hormones and activity of the nervous system Points clearly to biological factors as a cause of behavior o Evolutionary focuses on biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share influenced by natural selection Kenneth and Mamie Clark o Contributions to educational equity worked for African American Civil Rights Movement o Studied childrens attitude towards race children have internal racism showed negative effects of school segregation on African American children Jorge Sanchez Movement o Contributions to educational equity worked for Mexican American Chicano Civil Rights o Cultural bias in intelligence tests more than one test was needed if there was only one test a persons a bility to get into a school was limited Psychologists use the scientific method to construct theories that organize summarize and simplify observations reduce bias Judgmental overconfidence we think we know more than we actually do Hindsight bias the tendency of people to believe that they knew the outcome before it happened A theory is an explanation that integrates principles as well as organizes and explains a variety of specific phenomena a good theory should help people to predict behavior or events Hypothesis a testable statement of the theory What happens when hypothesis is rejected What do you do after forming a hypothesis Research is conducting experiments in order to observe and collect data based upon your hypothesis How do the steps of scientific method fit into the research process o Perceiving the question description o Forming a hypothesis description and explanation o Testing the hypothesis explanation o Drawing conclusions prediction o Reporting results control Case studies surveys and experimentation are methods of research used to provide descriptive data Correlation coefficient a statistical measure of the relationships between two variables o Correlation is denoted by r o indicates direction o Number indicates the strength What is the only method of research that will allow researches to determine the cause of a mental process or behavior The only method that explains why a phenomena occurs o Experimentation exploring cause and effect answers why o Evaluating therapies interventions Kayli said something about this but idk what she was What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment Main purpose or implying goal of each o Random assignment randomly assigning people to control or experimental groups o Random sampling randomly choosing people to be part of an experiment do this so that there is a representative sample of the population Goal of both is to keep the results from being biased Why is it important to have a control group and an experimental group o To make sure the results of the experiment are not a result of another factor Personality is the unique ways that people think feel and act Temperament is the enduring behavioral and emotional characteristics with which each person is born Character is value
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