Chapter 4 serotonin and temperature What are the roles of the hypothalamus light and melatonin production in sleep What about Hypothalamus controls the sleep wake cycle and influences the glandular system Melatonin helps people sleep and prevents aging it s a hormone secreted by the pineal gland to make people drowsy It s released by the suprachiasmatic nucleus which is located in the hypothalamus and is the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and fall asleep It s sensitive to changes in light As daylight fades the SCN tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin and vice versa As the day goes by serotonin levels increase which gradually makes people drowsy as well SCN controls body temp The higher the body temp the more alert and vice versa Effects of serotonin and body temp are correlational What are the primary differences between REM and non REM sleep What things happen in each type of sleep there is little movement REM active sleep where dreaming takes place Voluntary muscles are inhibited so therefore Non Rem more restful and deeper sleep The person s body is free to move around Beta to theta to alpha Non rem stage 1 light sleep Jolting awake Page 137 Stage 2 body temp continues to drop heart rate slows and first signs of sleep spindles are Stage 3 and 4 delta waves roll in deep sleep REM sleep rem paralysis dreaming REM rebound REM behavior disorder nightmares night present terrors Be familiar with the section on p 138 about REM sleep Look over it What can hypnosis do What can it not do Table 4 3 Look over table page 148 Suprachiasmatic neucleus and the circadian rhythm Insomnia and Narcolepsy Insomnia is the inability to sleep About a day cycle Controlled by the brain Specifically by an area within the hypothalamus Narcolepsy you fall asleep at random times Drugs and the difference between physical and psychological dependence Page 161 Chapter 5 If I give you a scenario you should be able to tell me if it is illustrating classical conditioning vs operant conditioning and identify the UCS CS UCR and CR What is extinction Spontaneous recovery Be able to identify positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment Try thinking of some examples of each Also primary vs secondary reinforcer Reinforcement schedules fixed variable interval ratio What are some of the problems with the use of punishment and how can you make punishment more effective What is shaping What is learned helplessness Latent learning Chapter 6 form the brain can use What are the processes of encoding storage and retrieval Encoding first process in the memory system is to get sensory info sight sound etc into a Storage the next step in memory is to hold on to the info for some period of time The period of time will actually be different lengths depending on the system of memory being used Retrieval getting the info they know they have out of storage What is iconic memory Echoic memory How large is the capacity of each Iconic memory the example of SEEING the possibly pantsless person Everything that can be seen at one time Completely fades out after a brief moment of time After only a quarter of a second old info is replaced my new info Echoic memory brief memory of something someone heard what phenomenon Capacity is limited to what can be heard at any one moment and is smaller than the capacity of iconic memory though it lasts longer about 2 to 4 seconds What is procedural memory Declarative memory Explicit vs Implicit memory Procedural memory type of ltm including memory for skills procedures habits and conditioned responses These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior Declarative memory type of ltm containing info that is conscious and known Implicit memory memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness such as procedural memory Explicit memory consciously known such as declarative memory LTM STM and Working Memory Stm the memory system in which info is held for brief periods of time while being used Through the process of selective attention the ability to focus on one stimulus from among all sensory input Working memory an active system that processes the info in STM Thought to consist of three interrelated systems a central executive the visual sketchpad nd a kind of auditory recorder LTM the system of memory in which all the info is placed to be kept more or less permanently Capacity is unlimited for all practical purposes How does chunking help us to remember more information Bits of info are combined into meaningful units more info can be held in STM What is elaborative rehearsal and why is it important Why would using elaborative rehearsal help you perform better on this exam A method of transferring info from stm into ltm by making the info seem meaningful in some way Connect the info with something already well known What is state dependent learning What is the serial position effect Primacy effect Recency effect SPE tendency of info at the beginning and end of a body of info to be remembered more accurately than the info in the middle of the body of info PE tendency to remember info at the beginning of the body better than the info that follows RE remember info at the end better than the beginning What are reasons for forgetting e g proactive interference Retroactive interference see table 6 1 Can you think of some examples Anterograde and retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward the inability to form new ltm RA loss of memory from point of injury or trauma backwards loss of memory from past Chapter 7 What is a prototype Concepts Concepts ideas that represent a class or category of objects events or activities Prototype example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept What are heuristics Can you think of examples of availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic What are algorithms What are advantages and disadvantages of each What is the average IQ What is the technical cutoff for gifted or intellectually disabled Low IQ is not enough for a diagnosis of intellectual disability What must also be present Normal curve and how to calculate IQ given Mental Age and Chronological age What is the difference between reliability and validity If I give you an example you should be able to tell me whether the scenario exhibits reliability and or validity What is cultural bias in the context of IQ
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