Chapter One History and Issues Mental Disorders one of the most serious and perplexing problems you may ever face The Individual s Perspective Distress emotions such as anxiety and depression that upset an individual Disability disruptions in the ability to function personally occupationally or socially Culture s Perspective Deviance the degree to which an individual s behaviors differ from other s Abnormal Behavior behavior that is personally distressful or personally disabling or is so culturally deviant that other individuals judge the behavior to be inappropriate or maladaptive o Behaviors are abnormal not people People may behave abnormally but they themselves are not abnormal o The Myth of Mental Illness the notion that rather than reflecting mental illness abnormal behavior is simply different or wrong or a reasonable response to an unreasonable situation Withdrawing or becoming depressed may be a rational response to an irrational situation rather than a sickness o Brief Psychotic Disorder involves hallucinations delusions and a disruption of thought processes reaction to overwhelming stress and symptoms clear up when the stress is reduced regardless of whether individual gets treatment or not The Beginning Evil Spirits Trephination holes are drilled in the skull thought to be used by Stone Age People to release Exorcism treatment for mental illness that involves driving out the Devil or evil spirits evil spirits that cause abnormal behavior thought to cause the disorder Greek and Roman Civilizations Physiology Hippocrates early Greek physician who proposed that abnormal behaviors resulted from the imbalance of humors fluids in the body Humors fluids in the body whose imbalance was thought by early Greeks to cause abnormal behavior The Dark Ages The Devil Disturbed people people with disability were thought to be witches o the moon also was thought to cause disabilities where the words lunatic loony and moonstruck came from Age of Enlightenment Asylums and Moral and Psychological treatments Asylums institutions developed primarily during the Age of Enlightenment which the mentally ill could take refuge o No longer seen as problem people who needed to be persecuted or punished now people with problems who needed help Hospital of St Mary of Bethlehem first hospital specifically for the mentally ill started in London in 1574 o Conditions were horrible mentally ill were chained up and tickets were sold to people who wanted to come see popular tourist attraction at the time o Philippe Pinel physician who began improving the conditions and care of mentally ill patients in Paris in 1792 o William Tuke English Quaker who founded a retreat for the mentally ill in England in o Benjamin Rush physician who introduced humane care of mental patients in the US in o Dorothea Dix new England teacher who waged an active campaign to build mental 1790s 1780s hospitals in US Moral Treatment one of the first psychological treatments to be used for mental patients better living conditions and treated them as normal people o Treatment eventually died down because it was too successful not even staff too many patients Modern Era Franz Mesmer French physican who believed that disorders were due to imbalances of magnetic fluids and who is considered to be the father of hypnosis o Mesmerism first word for hypnosis Jean Martin Charcot French physician who thought that illnesses were due to a weak nervous system and treated with hypnosis o Hysterical Disorders physical disorders for which a physical cause cannot be found Mesmer and Charcot both had different theories but later both theories turned into be a result of Anna O patient who played an important role in Freud s thinking about the causes and psychological factors treatments of abnormal behavior Sigmund Freud early neurologist who suggested that abnormal behaviors were the result of stressful experiences that were stored in the unconscious and contrived to influence the individual o Unconscious Freud s term meaning the portion of mind in which anxiety provoking memories are stored o Psychoanalysis treatment by Freud patient goes back over earlier experiences to find and understand the one that is causing current symptoms Freud s techniques Dream interpretation Durig sleep people are less careful about keeping material in the unconscious so it slipped out into dreams Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist who discovered classical condition Free association Edward L Thorndike American physiologist who identified operant conditioning John B Watson American physiologist who applied the principle of conditioning to the understanding and treatment of abnormal behavior in humans Behavior Therapy approach to treatment in which patients unlearn abnormal behaviors Aaron Beck psychiatrist who played major role in developing cognitive therapy Cognitive Therapy an approach to treatment in which patients learn to replace incorrect beliefs with more accurate beliefs Health Professionals Psychiatrists mental health professionals who are physicians with additional training in the practice of psychiatry and are able to prescribe drugs and carry out other medical procedures Md degree Doctor of Medicine earned and completed after med school Clinical Psychologist mental health professionals who have gone to graduate school in psychology completed a clinical internship and earned PhD doctor of Philosophy Scientist Practitioner Model the approach to training clinical psychologists that emphasizes PsyD degree Doctor of Psychology earned by clinical psychologists trained primarily in both clinical practice and research clinical practice Counselors mental health professionals who usually have an MA degree in either psych who counseling and who are trained primarily for clinical practice MA degree master of arts earned in graduate school by some mental health professionals less Social Workers mental health professionals who usually have an MSW degree and are trained time and training primarily for clinical practice MSW degree master of social work Case Managers social workers or paraprofessionals who do much of the day to day work in managing the lives and treatment of mentally ill also known as caseworkers Managed Health Care an approach to health care in which a panel of experts hired by a patient s insurance company makes decisions about whether proposed treatment is reasonable and will be paid for by the insurance company HMO abbreviation for Health Maintenance