Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder:A) Inattention: 1. Fails to pay close attention to details or making careless mistakes when doing schoolwork or other activities 2. Trouble keeping attention focused during play or tasks 3. Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly4. Fails to follow through on instructions or finish tasks 5. Difficulty organizing tasks or activities6. Avoids tasks that require a high amount of mental effort and organization (e.g., school projects)7. Frequently loses items required to facilitate tasks or activities (e.g., school supplies)8. Excessive distractibility 9. Forgetfulness B) Hyperactivity/Impulsivity1. Fidgets with hands or feet or squirming in seat 2. Leaves seat often, even when inappropriate 3. Runs or climbs at inappropriate times 4. Difficulty in quiet play 5. Often “on the go” or acts as if “driven by a motor”6. Talks excessively7. Blurts out answers before questions have been completed8. Has difficulty awaiting turn9. Interrupts or intrudes on others (butts into conversations, games, etc.)Diagnosis:- 6 or more symptoms of inattention or 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity- Onset by age 7- Diagnosis requires either AD or HD (or both)- Functional impairment (socially, academically, occupationally, romantically, etc.)Prevalence- ~ 8% of school age population; ~ 4% of adult population- Gender ratio = 5:1 (boys/girls)Causes:- Frontal cortex (impulse control, attentional focus, logical sequencing)- Reward/pleasure circuits- Heritability ~50%- Dopamine function (DRD2, DBH genes)- Omega-3, zinc deficiency- Food additivesTreatments:- Stimulants (Ritalin/Concerta [methylphenidate], Adderall/Vyvanse, Strattera)- Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), behavior therapy (BT)- Omega-3- Exercise- Light therapy- Restricted diet (avoid processed foods, eat whole foods)- Meditation___________________________________________________________________Conduct Disorder- Precursor to Anti-social PD (adult)- Aggressive, “bullies”, property crimes, assaults, lies, drugs, etc.- Poor long-term outcomes- Parents often violent and/or neglectful- Physical punishment  childhood violenceTreatment: Parent Training Therapy (Patterson)Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD)Childhood Anxiety Disorders (similar to adult):- Separation Anxiety Disorder- School Phobia- Overanxious Disorder (=GAD)Childhood Depression:- It exists! (Freud said impossible)- Similar to adult version, except somatizationChildhood Bipolar = ADHD?Autism:3 Primary Features- Low interest in social interaction- Language impairment- Repetitive behaviors- Onset by age 2-1/2- Etiology: mom? (“emotional refrigerator”)- Etiology: neurological abnormalities (a) language areas (left temporal cortex), (b)mirror neurons (c) sensory gating (basal ganglia, thalamus), (d) amygdale- Reduced plasma omega-3s- Treatment: Intensive behavior therapy (Ivar Lovaas) – habituate child to social stimuli, gradually shape (with reinforcement) language-like behaviors- Asperger’s Syndrome (less severe version of