KU PSYC 350 - Chapter One: History and Issues
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Chapter One: History and Issues Mental Disorders-one of the most serious and perplexing problems you may ever faceThe Individual’s Perspective- Distress: emotions such as anxiety and depression that upset an individual- Disability: disruptions in the ability to function personally, occupationally, or sociallyCulture’s Perspective- Deviance: the degree to which an individual’s behaviors differ from other’s- Abnormal Behavior: behavior that is personally distressful or personally disabling or is so culturally deviant that other individuals judge the behavior to be inappropriate or maladaptiveo Behaviors are abnormal, not people- People may behave abnormally, but they themselves are not abnormalo The Myth of Mental Illness: the notion that rather than reflecting mental illness, abnormal behavior is simply different or wrong or a reasonable response to an unreasonable situation- Withdrawing or becoming depressed may be a rational response to an irrational situation rather than a sickness.o Brief Psychotic Disorder: involves hallucinations, delusions, and a disruption of thought processes, reaction to overwhelming stress and symptoms clear up when the stress is reduced—regardless of whether individual gets treatment or notThe Beginning: Evil Spirits- Trephination: holes are drilled in the skull, thought to be used by Stone Age People to release evil spirits that cause abnormal behavior- Exorcism: treatment for mental illness that involves driving out the Devil or evil spirits thought to cause the disorderGreek and Roman Civilizations: Physiology- Hippocrates: early Greek physician who proposed that abnormal behaviors resulted from the imbalance of humors (fluids) in the body- Humors: fluids in the body, whose imbalance was thought by early Greeks to cause abnormal behaviorThe Dark Ages: The Devil- Disturbed people (people with disability) were thought to be witcheso the moon also was thought to cause disabilities, where the words lunatic, loony, and moonstruck came fromAge of Enlightenment: Asylums and Moral and Psychological treatments- Asylums: institutions developed primarily during the Age of Enlightenment which the mentally ill could take refugeo No longer seen as problem people who needed to be persecuted or punished, now people with problems who needed help- Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem: first hospital specifically for the mentally ill, started in London in 1574o Conditions were horrible, mentally ill were chained up and tickets were sold to people who wanted to come see, popular tourist attraction at the timeo Philippe Pinel: physician who began improving the conditions and care of mentally ill patients in Paris in 1792.o William Tuke: English Quaker who founded a retreat for the mentally ill in England in 1790so Benjamin Rush: physician who introduced humane care of mental patients in the US in1780so Dorothea Dix: new England teacher who waged an active campaign to build mental hospitals in US- Moral Treatment: one of the first psychological treatments to be used for mental patients, better living conditions and treated them as normal peopleo Treatment eventually died down because it was too successful, not even staff, too many patientsModern Era- Franz Mesmer: French physican who believed that disorders were due to imbalances of magnetic fluids and who is considered to be the father of hypnosiso Mesmerism: first word for hypnosis- Jean-Martin Charcot: French physician who thought that illnesses were due to a weak nervoussystem and treated with hypnosiso Hysterical Disorders: physical disorders for which a physical cause cannot be found- Mesmer and Charcot both had different theories but later both theories turned into be a result ofpsychological factors- Anna O: patient who played an important role in Freud’s thinking about the causes and treatments of abnormal behavior- Sigmund Freud: early neurologist who suggested that abnormal behaviors were the result of stressful experiences that were stored in the unconscious and contrived to influence the individualo Unconscious: Freud’s term meaning the portion of mind in which anxiety-provoking memories are storedo Psychoanalysis: treatment by Freud, patient goes back over earlier experiences to find and understand the one that is causing current symptoms.Freud’s techniques:Dream interpretation: Durig sleep people are less careful about keeping material in the unconscious, so it slipped out into dreams - Free association- Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist who discovered classical condition- Edward L. Thorndike: American physiologist who identified operant conditioning- John B. Watson: American physiologist who applied the principle of conditioning to the understanding and treatment of abnormal behavior in humans- Behavior Therapy: approach to treatment in which patients unlearn abnormal behaviors- Aaron Beck: psychiatrist who played major role in developing cognitive therapy- Cognitive Therapy: an approach to treatment in which patients learn to replace incorrect beliefs with more accurate beliefsHealth Professionals - Psychiatrists: mental health professionals who are physicians with additional training in the practice of psychiatry and are able to prescribe drugs and carry out other medical procedures- Md degree: (Doctor of Medicine) earned and completed after med school- Clinical Psychologist: mental health professionals who have gone to graduate school inpsychology, completed a clinical internship, and earned PhD (doctor of Philosophy)- Scientist-Practitioner Model: the approach to training clinical psychologists that emphasizes both clinical practice and research- PsyD degree: Doctor of Psychology, earned by clinical psychologists trained primarily in clinical practice- Counselors: mental health professionals who usually have an MA degree in either psych who counseling and who are trained primarily for clinical practice- MA degree: master of arts, earned in graduate school by some mental health professionals: lesstime and training- Social Workers: mental health professionals who usually have an MSW degree and are trainedprimarily for clinical practice- MSW degree: master of social work- Case Managers: social workers or paraprofessionals who do much of the day-to-day work in managing the lives and treatment of mentally ill; also known as caseworkers- Managed Health Care: an approach to health care in which a panel of experts hired by a patient’s insurance company makes decisions about whether proposed


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KU PSYC 350 - Chapter One: History and Issues

Course: Psyc 350-
Pages: 18
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