10 25 EXP3604C Exam 3 Notes Imagery relationships between different parts preserved in the mind Mental representation of something physical which is usually not present Uses top down processing since the senses are not being used Also called imagination not the same as pictures Used for visual perception anticipation tracking mental transformation and rotation Galton imagery is subjective meaning must be picked out of self reports which are unreliable Roger Shepard can look at imagery use by measuring time it takes for someone to think it through Mental rotation similar to physically rotating object More rotation needed more time taken Shepard Metzler s experiment See letters rotated to different angles 1 degree of rotation 60 milliseconds of imagery Showed that imagery can be studied with objective standard measurement Kosslyn s experiment See object asked about the either the side that was being focused on or the one that was not If asked about side that wasn t focused on subject had to scan over to it Scan to the other side most time taken Kosslyn Ball experiment Study map must scan from one landmark to another More distance between landmarks more time taken Kosslyn s experiment Imagine rabbit next to either a bee or an elephant then picture rabbit s nose Next to elephant more time taken to zoom in Imagery and perception can either interfere with or boost physical vision Eyes follow same pattern when seeing physical object or imagining it Area of brain that works with physical sight also works with mental imagery Handles visuals in general Visual neglect ignoring half of the visual field Ex paying attention to only one side of a picture Kosslyn s Theory of Perception and Imagery Images are activated in the occipital lobe Attention to a given detail leads to it being processed more Visual heuristics same time and energy Imagining objects on a map to be closer to 90 degrees than they actually are Same for symmetry alignment being lined up rotation tilting being straight Cognitive map mental map of town etc Mental representation of physical environment landmarks locations Works with relationships between objects not with images of objects themselves Roads next to Tennessee stores close to Publix etc Spatial cognition interpretation processing and storage of 3D information Analog Code Theory mental representations closely mirror physical objects Shepard Metzler s experiment showed mental rotation is like physical rotation Pavio s experiment Asked to imagine hands of analog clock at different times 10 25 cnt d Had to determine at which of the times the hands had the smallest angle between them Similar angles longer time to determine answer Segal Fusella experiment Told to imagine something either visual or auditory Exposed to visual or auditory physical stimulus Imagery and stimulus both visual auditory harder to detect stimulus Mental images and physical stimuli interfere Propositional Code Theory mental representations are abstract language don t resemble actual object Reed Star of David contains a parallelogram It does have the shape but most people store image as a star can t think of it that way Chambers Reisberg the ambiguous rabbit duck Has few details and easy to see but hard to interpret into mental image Imagery is hard to study Cannot objectively see mental representations so must rely on self reports Subjective easily incorrect or misleading because people are fallible don t understand 10 30 Category group of physical things that have traits in common and belong together Exemplar a physical instance or example of a category Ex dogs Ex an actual dog Concept mental representation of a category ideas about objects Ex what you think dogs are like Used to predict exemplars reason communicate ideas with others We use concepts because of how we are designed Cannot treat everything as completely distinct and unique so we group them with others Categorizing things into concepts is useful and efficient saving time and effort Do we have the concepts that we do because they exist outside ourselves or because we made them up Concepts come to mind at different times for many reasons Context makes you notice a certain concept Priming makes a give concept more likely to come to mind Stimuli make you have to actively use concepts Goals make you tend to notice things that would lead to your desired outcome Chronic accessibility thinking about something all the time keeps a concept always in mind Med student syndrome is partly because they are primed to think of diseases Concepts effect interpretation of events Classical view concepts are based on necessary and sufficient traits Ex bachelor unmarried adult human male Ex chair four legs back seat What about stools Classical view does not work because some items have fuzzy boundaries Typicality effects degree to which item is seen as model example of a category Greater degree faster categorization into category When asked to give examples of category typical examples given before atypical ones Ex fruit apples pears bananas kumquats starfruit dragonfruit Works like family resemblance Probabilistic view items have certain features that make them more or less likely to be in category 10 30 cnt d Feature comparison model concepts are stored based on features Characteristic features not necessary descriptive features Defining features necessary Uses typicality effect Prototype approach categorize items by comparing them to mental model of a category Prototype the most representative typical item in a category the ideal example Assigns item different levels of categorization Superordinate vague abstract ex vehicle Subordinate specific Basic in the middle ex Jeep ex car Prototype theory concept represented by prototype compare exemplar with prototype Ex imagine the model dog compare a new dog you see with that model Rosch s idea Exemplar theory concept represented by previous exemplars changes to fit new exemplars Ex have idea of what dogs are based on all dogs you ve ever seen Works better than Prototype theory Would require a lot of memory to store all examples ever seen Rules and exemplars Rules predetermined categories say how to sort different objects based on required details Are insufficient Object may fit category but not fit rule exactly be missing traits Exemplars of category are necessary to understand what fits in category Ex Med students read description of disease but need pictures to understand better Theory view theories are what
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