Learning o Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience o Not explained by Native response tendencies Maturation Temporary states Example fatigue drugs etc o Types of Learning Association Observation Implicit Explicit Association Learning o Pavlov Classical Conditioning o Skinner Operant Conditioning o Stimulus o Response o Consequence Something in the environment How we respond to the stimulus Sometimes this occurs and affects learning Stimulus Stimulus Learning o Learning to associate one stimulus with another Response Consequence Learning o Learning to associate a response with a consequence Example Instructing children to do chores consequence is they get an allowance Pavlov Classical Conditioning o Russian physiologist o Studying digestion in dogs o Pavlov s Lab Set Up Measurement of saliva Presentation of food Dogs salivated before food arrived Dogs associated food with appearance of researcher o Unconditioned Stimulus Elicits an unconditioned response o Unconditioned Response Occurs due to presentation of unconditioned stimulus o Neutral Stimulus Does not elicit unconditioned response o Before conditioning Food US produces salivation UR Tone NS does not o During conditioning o After conditioning NS tone paired with US food salivation UR NS becomes CS Conditioned Stimulus Tone CS salivation CR Initial stage in classical conditioning o Acquisition Association between NS and US takes place NS must come before US in most cases Time between NS and US should be about second o Stimulus generalization Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS Example dog salivates to the sound of a whistle o Stimulus discrimination do not signal a US o Higher Order Conditioning Learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that Example dog salivates to C flat tone not to A sharp tone A CS becomes associated with another stimulus The 2nd stimulus then elicits the response Example light tone salivation o Other Conditioned Responses Taste Aversion Biological Preparedness Conditioning increases our survival Vicarious Conditioning Learn by observing other people o Applications of Classical Conditioning Watson Little Albert conditioned fear Advertising campaigns with classical conditioning o Counter Conditioning techniques Unlearning a conditioned response Operant Conditioning o Voluntary behavior learned through consequences o Thorndike s Law of Effect responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated Thorndike s puzzle box with kitties o Forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events Response consequence B F Skinner s Contribution o 1904 1990 o Studied observable measurable behavior Operant voluntary behavior Learning depends upon consequences o Operant Chamber aka Skinner Box o Reinforcement Any consequence that makes a response more likely Follows and strengthens a response Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers innately reinforcing stimulus learned reinforcers Reinforcing due to association with a primary reinforcer Positive Reinforcement Add something desirable When a response behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence Making the behavior more likely to occur again Negative Reinforcement Remove something aversive or undesirable When a response behavior is followed by the removal of something unpleasant Making the behavior more likely to occur again Punishment Any consequence that makes a response less likely Follows a response Intended to reduce that response Positive Punishment When something unpleasant occurs after a response When something pleasant is removed after a response behavior Example a parking ticket Negative Punishment behavior Example a time out Different kinds of Punishment o Application The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus o Removal The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus o Punishment by Removal vs Negative Reinforcement Punishment by Removal Losing the privilege of driving Stopping at a red light to avoid Negative Reinforcement because you got into too many accidents Having to lose some of your money to pay the penalty for late tax filing Being grounded because of disobedience getting into an accident Mailing an income tax return by April 15th to avoid paying a penalty Obeying a parent before the parent reaches the count of three to avoid getting a scolding Punishment Problems o Severe punishment stops the behavior immediately but it may not stop it permanently o Severe punishment may lead the child to avoid the punisher not the action that is being punished o Modeling of aggression Making Punishment More Effective o Punishment should be immediate o Punishment should be consistent o Punishment should be paired with reinforcement for correct o Shaping behaviors The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired more complex behavior Rules for Shaping 1 Make sure the target behavior is realistic and biologically 2 Specify the current entering behavior and desired possible targeted behavior 3 Plan a small chain of behavioral changes leading from the 4 entering behavior to the target behavior If a step proves too large break it into smaller more manageable steps 5 Use reinforcers in small quantities to avoid satiation o Continuous Reinforcement getting full o Partial Reinforcement Provision of reinforcer for each and every correct response Reinforces a behavior after some but not all correct responses Results in a response that is resistant to extinction o Reinforcement Schedules Fixed Ratio Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always true Example Starbucks Rewards Program for every 10 times you use your card you get a free drink Variable Ratio Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event Example Buying lottery tickets Buyer never knows how many tickets they will have to buy and continue to do so because the next one might win Fixed Interval Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same Example Students studying right before a test Variable Interval Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event Example Going fishing and leaving the pole in the water for awhile because you don t know when a fish will swim along