3 11 Development Research Design organism identical gene social interactions social interactions Human Development The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age From conception until death cid 127 Cross Sectional Design Testing two groups of people at different ages but sometimes doesn t work because 20 year olds grew up in a different world than 80 year olds cid 127 Longitudinal Design Test a group of people at one year and after a period of time you test the same group of people Counter to cross sectional design cid 127 Tested at one year again at 4 years and again at 7 years cid 127 Cross Sequential Design Test 2 people at different ages and bring them back after a period of time and test them again cid 127 Cross Sectional and Longitudinal combined Genetics and Development cid 127 Genetics The science of inherited trait cid 127 DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the cid 127 Gene Section of the DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements cid 127 Dominant Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait cid 127 Recessive Referring to a gene that only influence the expression of a trait when paired with an Nature vs Nurture cid 127 Nature The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality physical growth and cid 127 Nurture The influence of the environment on personality physical growth intellectual growth and cid 127 Behavioral genetics Focuses on nature vs nurture Childhood cid 127 Conception The moment at which a female becomes pregnant cid 127 Monozygotic twins Identical twins formed when the zygote splits into two separate masses of cells each of which develops into a separate embryo cid 127 Dizygotic twins Often called fraternal twins occurs when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time Do not look the same Periods of Pregnancy cid 127 Germinal period First two weeks after fertilization cid 127 Zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining cid 127 Embryonic period The period from two to eight weeks after fertilization during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop cid 127 Embryo cid 127 Critical periods Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant cid 127 Teratogen Any factor that can cause a birth defect cid 127 Fetal period The time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child cid 127 Fetus After Birth cid 127 Five Infant Reflexes cid 127 Rooting reflex When you touch a baby s check they turn their face and search for the nipple cid 127 Grasping reflex cid 127 Startle reflex Moro reflex cid 127 Stepping reflex cid 127 Sucking reflex cid 127 Six Motor Milestones cid 127 Raising head and chest 2 4 months cid 127 Rolling over 2 5 months cid 127 Sitting up with support 4 6 months cid 127 Sitting up without support 6 7 months cid 127 Crawling 7 8 months cid 127 Walking 8 18 months cid 127 Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood cid 127 The senses except for vision are fairly well developed at birth cid 127 No depth perception cid 127 Gross and fine motor skills develop at a fast pace Cognitive Development The development of thinking problem solving and memory schemas a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events Piaget s Stage Theory cid 127 Sensorimotor stage Uses the senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment cid 127 Object permanence Knowledge that an object exists even when it is no tin sight cid 127 Preoperational stage Learn to use language as a means of exploring the world cid 127 Egocentrism Inability to see the world through anyone else s eyes cid 127 Centration Tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features cid 127 Conservation Ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object s nature Irreversibility Inability to mentally reverse an action cid 127 Concrete operations stage Capable of logical thought processes but not abstract thinking cid 127 Formal operations Become capable of abstract thinking Vygotsky s Theory cid 127 Piaget stressed the importance of the child s interaction with objects cid 127 Vygotsky stressed the importance of social interactions with others typically more highly skilled children and adults cid 127 Scaffolding Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learned reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable cid 127 Language Development cid 127 Modern Theories of Language cid 127 Focus on environmental influences on language cid 127 Child directed speech Children attend to higher pitched repetitious sing song speech cid 127 Receptive productive lag cid 127 Stages of Language Development cid 127 Cooing cid 127 Babbling cid 127 One Word Speech Holophrases cid 127 Telegraphic Speech start putting sentences together may not be grammatically correct cid 127 Temperament and Attachment cid 127 Temperament The behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth cid 127 Easy Regular adaptable and happy cid 127 cid 127 Difficult Irregular nonadaptable and irritable cid 127 Slow to warm up Need to adjust gradually to change Attachment The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver Secure Avoidant fAmbivalent 3 13 Critical Periods life A A young adult Phase in the life span during which one has heightened sensitivity to stimuli that are necessary for the development of a particular skill If someone is not exposed to the appropriate stimuli during this period it may become very difficult or even impossible to develop the function or skill later in Clicker Q Do you consider the average college student a child an adolescent or a young adult opinion question In reality Adolescence lasts from age 13 to early 20 s So the average college student is actually an adolescent Puberty and Adolescence Adolescence From about age 13 the start of puberty to the early 20 s during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent self supporting adult Our brain stops forming around age 25 Puberty The physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak Period of about 4 years Girls start before boys finishing about two years earlier Erikson s Fifth Stage Egocentric
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